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Here, we assess the potential impact of PHS-informed screening.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>United Kingdom population incidence data (Cancer Research United Kingdom) and data from the Cluster Randomized Trial of PSA Testing for Prostate Cancer were combined to estimate age-specific clinically significant prostate cancer incidence (Gleason score \u22657, stage T3\u2013T4, PSA \u226510, or nodal\/distant metastases). Using HRs estimated from the ProtecT prostate cancer trial, age-specific incidence rates were calculated for various PHS risk percentiles. Risk-equivalent age, when someone with a given PHS percentile has prostate cancer risk equivalent to an average 50-year-old man (50-year-standard risk), was derived from PHS and incidence data. Positive predictive value (PPV) of PSA testing for clinically significant prostate cancer was calculated using PHS-adjusted age groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The expected age at diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer differs by 19 years between the 1st and 99th PHS percentiles: men with PHS in the 1st and 99th percentiles reach the 50-year-standard risk level at ages 60 and 41, respectively. PPV of PSA was higher for men with higher PHS-adjusted age.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PHS provides individualized estimates of risk-equivalent age for clinically significant prostate cancer. Screening initiation could be adjusted by a man's PHS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Impact:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Personalized genetic risk assessments could inform prostate cancer screening decisions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.epi-19-1527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T17:24:31Z","timestamp":1593019471000},"page":"1731-1738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["A Genetic Risk Score to Personalize Prostate Cancer Screening, Applied to Population Data"],"prefix":"10.1158","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5025-4709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minh-Phuong","family":"Huynh-Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California."},{"name":"2Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California."}]},{"given":"Chun Chieh","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California."}]},{"given":"Roshan","family":"Karunamuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California."},{"name":"2Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7696-3661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleanor I.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Bristol Medical School, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2575-387X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma L.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Bristol Medical School, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4581-9346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Athene","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Bristol Medical School, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom."},{"name":"4MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7992-7719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard M.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Bristol Medical School, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom."},{"name":"4MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom."},{"name":"5National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6033-5086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E.","family":"Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom."},{"name":"7Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom."},{"name":"8Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6488-5472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny L.","family":"Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom."}]},{"given":"Freddie C.","family":"Hamdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom."},{"name":"10Faculty of Medical Science, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom."}]},{"given":"J. Kellogg","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"11Department of Urology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3698-6241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalind A.","family":"Eeles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"12The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom."},{"name":"13Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom."}]},{"given":"Douglas F.","family":"Easton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"14Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom."}]},{"given":"Zsofia","family":"Kote-Jarai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"12The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7178-3431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Amin Al Olama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"14Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom."},{"name":"15Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Stroke Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom."}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Benlloch Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"14Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6429-988X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Muir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"16Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom."},{"name":"17Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1073-2753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Gr\u00f6nberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"18Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4623-0544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fredrik","family":"Wiklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"18Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden."}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Aly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"18Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"name":"19Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"name":"20Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1863-0305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Schleutker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"21Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland."},{"name":"22Department of Medical Genetics, Genomics, Laboratory Division, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland."}]},{"given":"Csilla","family":"Sipeky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"21Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland."}]},{"given":"Teuvo LJ","family":"Tammela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"23Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Prostate Cancer Research Center, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland."},{"name":"24Department of Urology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland."}]},{"given":"B\u00f8rge Gr\u00f8nne","family":"Nordestgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"25Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark."},{"name":"26Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2294-307X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Key","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"27University of Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9571-0763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth C.","family":"Travis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"27University of Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8494-732X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul D.P.","family":"Pharoah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"28Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0843-2468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora","family":"Pashayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"28Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom."},{"name":"29University College London, Department of Applied Health Research, London, United Kingdom."}]},{"given":"Kay-Tee","family":"Khaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"30Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom."}]},{"given":"Stephen N.","family":"Thibodeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"31Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota."}]},{"given":"Shannon K.","family":"McDonnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"32Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota."}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Schaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"32Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota."}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"33Humangenetik Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany."}]},{"given":"Walther","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"34Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany."}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Luedeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"33Humangenetik Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0339-3394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen","family":"Herkommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"35Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Urology, Munich, Germany."}]},{"given":"Adam S.","family":"Kibel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"36Division of Urologic Surgery, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts."}]},{"given":"Cezary","family":"Cybulski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"37International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland."}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"Wokolorczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"37International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland."}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Kluzniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"37International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2602-3668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Cannon-Albright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"38Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah."},{"name":"39George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7494-9655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hermann","family":"Brenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"40Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany."},{"name":"41German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany."},{"name":"42Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1217-4521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Sch\u00f6ttker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"40Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany."},{"name":"43Network Aging Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany."}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Holleczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"40Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany."},{"name":"44Saarland Cancer Registry, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6384-6447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong Y.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"45Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida."}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Sellers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"45Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3307-5549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui-Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"46School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana."}]},{"given":"Chavdar Kroumov","family":"Slavov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"47Department of Urology and Alexandrovska University Hospital, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria."}]},{"given":"Radka P.","family":"Kaneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"48Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria."}]},{"given":"Vanio I.","family":"Mitev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"48Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria."}]},{"given":"Jyotsna","family":"Batra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"49Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia."},{"name":"50Australian Prostate Cancer Research @Centre-Qld, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia."}]},{"given":"Judith A.","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"50Australian Prostate Cancer Research @Centre-Qld, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia."},{"name":"51Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1337-7897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda B.","family":"Spurdle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"52Molecular Cancer Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4896-5982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel R.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"53Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"54Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Paulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"53Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"55Cancer Genetics Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"53Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"55Cancer Genetics Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Hardev","family":"Pandha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"56The University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7262-6227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"56The University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United 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