{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T12:28:18Z","timestamp":1754396898473,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)","issue":"6","funder":[{"name":"Catalytic Research"},{"name":"U.S. NCI","award":["6-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6-004"]}]},{"name":"Mozambican Ministry of Health"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"WHO","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["POCI01","0145-FEDER-032358","PTDC\/SAU-EPI\/32358\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI01","0145-FEDER-032358","PTDC\/SAU-EPI\/32358\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aacrjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Breast cancer incidence is rising in Africa, but there are scare data regarding risk factors in this region. We assessed the relation between risk factors and the occurrence of breast cancer, overall and by tumor subtype in women from Mozambique.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The associations between education, number of births, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and breast cancer risk among 138 cases (participants from the Moza-BC cohort) and 638 controls from the general population (from a World Health Organization stepwise approach to surveillance survey), recruited during 2014 to 2017, were investigated. Adjusted ORs (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multiparity (\u22656 vs. 0\u20131 live births) was a protective factor for the development of hormone receptor (HR)\u2013positive (aOR = 0.22; 95% CI, 0.08\u20130.64) and HR-positive\/HER2-negative tumors (aOR = 0.20; 95% CI, 0.06\u20130.68), whereas a higher educational level (\u22658 vs. 0 schooling years) increased breast cancer risk across all subtypes (overall aOR = 1.98; 95% CI, 1.04\u20133.80). Higher weight and BMI were associated with a higher breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women (per 1-kg increase: aOR = 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02\u20131.08; per 1-kg\/m2 increase: aOR = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04\u20131.18, respectively), but were protective in premenopausal women (aOR = 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96\u20130.99; aOR = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91\u20130.99, respectively), regardless of subtype. Higher height increased the risk of HR-negative tumors in postmenopause (per 10-cm increase: aOR = 2.81; 95% CI, 1.41\u20136.03).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results demonstrate the etiological heterogeneity of breast cancer among native African women, namely regarding the differential effect of multiparity, education, and body parameters in breast cancer risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Impact:<\/jats:title><jats:p>As the prevalence of obesity grows, these findings are important to inform public health policies on cancer prevention, by highlighting obesity as a modifiable risk factor for breast cancer among African women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.epi-20-1730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T21:32:53Z","timestamp":1618349573000},"page":"1250-1259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Risk Factors for Breast Cancer, Overall and by Tumor Subtype, among Women from Mozambique, Sub-Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.1158","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1653-3544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1EPIUnit - Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"2Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica e Forenses e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"3Institut Jules Bordet, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard de Waterloo, Brussels, Belgium."}]},{"given":"Assucena","family":"Guisseve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Eduardo Mondlane, Avenida Salvador Allende, Maputo, Mozambique."},{"name":"5Department of Pathology, Maputo Central Hospital, Avenida Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique."}]},{"given":"Albertino","family":"Damasceno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Cardiology Department, Maputo Central Hospital, Avenida Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8430-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genoveva","family":"Bata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Oncology Department, Maputo Central Hospital, Avenida Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique."}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Silva-Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8Unidade de Gest\u00e3o do Fundo Global \u2013 Direc\u00e7\u00e3o de Planifica\u00e7\u00e3o e Coopera\u00e7\u00e3o, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Avenida Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique."}]},{"given":"Matos","family":"Alberto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Pathology, Maputo Central Hospital, Avenida Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique."}]},{"given":"Josefo","family":"Ferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9Department of Pathology, Beira Central Hospital, Avenida M\u00e1rtires da Revolu\u00e7\u00e3o, Beira, Mozambique."}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9Department of Pathology, Beira Central Hospital, Avenida M\u00e1rtires da Revolu\u00e7\u00e3o, Beira, Mozambique."}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9sio","family":"Zaqueu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"10Department of Pathology, Nampula Central Hospital, Avenida Samora Machel, Nampula, Mozambique."}]},{"given":"Cesaltina","family":"Lorenzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Eduardo Mondlane, Avenida Salvador Allende, Maputo, Mozambique."},{"name":"5Department of Pathology, Maputo Central Hospital, Avenida Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique."}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"11Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"12Departmento de Patologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"13Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua J\u00falio Amaral de Carvalho, Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Ot\u00edlia","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Oncology Department, Maputo Central Hospital, Avenida Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7016-7418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Gudo-Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Oncology Department, Maputo Central Hospital, Avenida Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique."},{"name":"14Radiotherapy Unit, Maputo Central Hospital, Avenida Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1006-6946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"12Departmento de Patologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"13Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua J\u00falio Amaral de Carvalho, Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1EPIUnit - Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"2Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica e Forenses e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7613-6965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satish","family":"Tulsid\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1EPIUnit - Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"2Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica e Forenses e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"7Oncology Department, Maputo Central Hospital, Avenida Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0208-7309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Carrilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1EPIUnit - Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"4Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Eduardo Mondlane, Avenida Salvador Allende, Maputo, Mozambique."},{"name":"5Department of Pathology, Maputo Central Hospital, Avenida Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1870-1430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Lunet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1EPIUnit - Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"2Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica e Forenses e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, Porto, 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