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HpNGC may share a high-risk profile contributing to the occurrence of cancer in the absence of infection. We estimated the proportion of HpNGC, using different criteria to define infection status, and compared HpNGC and positive cases regarding gastric cancer risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cases from 12 studies from the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project providing data on H. pylori infection status determined by serologic test were included. HpNGC was reclassified as positive (eight studies) when cases presented CagA markers (four studies), gastric atrophy (six studies), or advanced stage at diagnosis (three studies), and were compared with positive cases. A two-stage approach (random-effects models) was used to pool study-specific prevalence and adjusted odds ratios (OR).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among non-cardia cases, the pooled prevalence of HpNGC was 22.4% (n = 166\/853) and decreased to 7.0% (n = 55) when considering CagA status; estimates for all criteria were 21.8% (n = 276\/1,325) and 6.6% (n = 97), respectively. HpNGC had a family history of gastric cancer more often [OR = 2.18; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03\u20134.61] and were current smokers (OR = 2.16; 95% CI, 0.52\u20139.02).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study found a low prevalence of HpNGC, who are more likely to have a family history of gastric cancer in first-degree relatives.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Impact:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our results support that H. pylori infection is present in most non-cardia gastric cancers, and suggest that HpNGC may have distinct patterns of exposure to other risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.epi-21-0402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T21:45:10Z","timestamp":1635889510000},"page":"200-209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Identifying the Profile of <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\u2013Negative Gastric Cancers: A Case-Only Analysis within the Stomach Cancer Pooling (StoP) Project"],"prefix":"10.1158","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Samantha","family":"Morais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1EPIUnit - Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"2Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"3Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica e Forenses e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0579-9988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Peleteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1EPIUnit - Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"2Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"3Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica e Forenses e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1652-8999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1EPIUnit - Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"2Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal."},{"name":"3Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica e Forenses e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9820-6335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Malekzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}]},{"given":"Weimin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden."}]},{"given":"Amelie","family":"Plymoth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden."}]},{"given":"Shoichiro","family":"Tsugane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1772-8159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihisa","family":"Hidaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan."}]},{"given":"Gerson Shigueaki","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Nikkei Disease Prevention Center, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."}]},{"given":"Lizbeth","family":"L\u00f3pez-Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8Mexico National Institute of Public Health, Morelos, Mexico."}]},{"given":"David","family":"Zaridze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia."}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Maximovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Russian N.N. 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Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."},{"name":"15Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada."},{"name":"16Nutritional Epidemiology Group, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, England."}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal Ulises","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"17Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9936-8427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malaquias","family":"L\u00f3pez-Cervantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"18Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Coyoac\u00e1n, 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