{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T09:47:46Z","timestamp":1775728066642,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)","issue":"23","content-domain":{"domain":["aacrjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Purpose: To identify a panel of epigenetic biomarkers for accurate bladder cancer (BlCa) detection in urine sediments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Experimental Design: Gene expression microarray analysis of BlCa cell lines treated with 5-aza-2\u2032-deoxycytidine and trichostatin A as well as 26 tissue samples was used to identify a list of novel methylation candidates for BlCa. Methylation levels of candidate genes were quantified in 4 BlCa cell lines, 50 BlCa tissues, 20 normal bladder mucosas (NBM), and urine sediments from 51 BlCa patients and 20 healthy donors, 19 renal cancer patients, and 20 prostate cancer patients. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis was used to assess the diagnostic performance of the gene panel.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: GDF15, HSPA2, TMEFF2, and VIM were identified as epigenetic biomarkers for BlCa. The methylation levels were significantly higher in BlCa tissues than in NBM (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and the cancer specificity was retained in urine sediments (P &amp;lt; 0.001). A methylation panel comprising GDF15, TMEFF2, and VIM correctly identified BlCa tissues with 100% sensitivity and specificity. In urine samples, the panel achieved a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 100% and an area under the curve of 0.975. The gene panel could discriminate BlCa from both healthy individuals and renal or prostate cancer patients (sensitivity, 94%; specificity, 90%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: By using a genome-wide approach, we have identified a biomarker panel that allows for early and accurate noninvasive detection of BlCa using urine samples. Clin Cancer Res; 16(23); 5842\u201351. \u00a92010 AACR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-10-1312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,26]],"date-time":"2010-10-26T01:11:14Z","timestamp":1288055474000},"page":"5842-5851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":155,"title":["Three Epigenetic Biomarkers,\n                    <i>GDF15<\/i>\n                    ,\n                    <i>TMEFF2<\/i>\n                    , and\n                    <i>VIM<\/i>\n                    , Accurately Predict Bladder Cancer from DNA-Based Analyses of Urine Samples"],"prefix":"10.1158","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Vera L.","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Henrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Stine A.","family":"Danielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Duarte-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mette","family":"Eknaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rolf I.","family":"Skotheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"\u00c2ngelo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 S.","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ragnhild A.","family":"Lothe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel R.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Jer\u00f3nimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Guro E.","family":"Lind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Epigenetics Group, and 2Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 4Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; 5Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 6Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 7Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal; 8Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; and 9Cancer Genetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute \u2013 Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1086","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib1","article-title":"IARC Cancerbase No 5, version 2.0 ed","author":"GLOBOCAN 2002: Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide","year":"2004"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20006","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2009","volume":"59","author":"Jemal","year":"2009","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60491-8","article-title":"Bladder cancer","volume":"374","author":"Kaufman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092230","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis and diagnostics of bladder cancer","volume":"4","author":"Mitra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.12.006","article-title":"Urinary markers in bladder cancer","volume":"53","author":"Vrooman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2008.02174.x","article-title":"Bladder cancer biomarkers and their role in surveillance and screening","volume":"16","author":"Van Tilborg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib7","article-title":"(AJCC) cancer staging manual","author":"American Joint Committee on Cancer","year":"2002","edition":"6th ed."},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0b013e328329f184","article-title":"Bladder cancer","volume":"21","author":"Bischoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Oncol"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2008.02143.x","article-title":"Epigenetic markers as promising prognosticators for bladder cancer","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevOncog.v13.i4.10","article-title":"Methylation\u2013based biomarkers for early detection of urological cancer","volume":"13","author":"Henrique","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncog"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpuro1259","article-title":"Molecular biomarkers for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: challenges in clinical use","volume":"5","author":"Bolenz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Urol"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib12","first-page":"259","article-title":"ADAMTS1, CRABP1, and NR3C1 identified as epigenetically deregulated genes in colorectal tumorigenesis","volume":"28","author":"Lind","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Oncol"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199812000-00001","article-title":"The World Health Organization\/International Society of Urological Pathology consensus classification of urothelial (transitional cell) neoplasms of the urinary bladder. Bladder Consensus Conference Committee","volume":"22","author":"Epstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib14"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3740","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.052410099","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of CpG islands in human chromosomes 21 and 22","volume":"99","author":"Takai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6823","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki987","article-title":"Analysis of repetitive element DNA methylation by MethyLight","volume":"33","author":"Weisenberger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E32","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.8.e32","article-title":"MethyLight: a high\u2013throughput assay to measure DNA methylation","volume":"28","author":"Eads","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib18","first-page":"3730","article-title":"Concurrent DNA hypermethylation of multiple genes in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"59","author":"Melki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2170","article-title":"Gene methylation and early detection of genitourinary cancer: the road ahead","volume":"7","author":"Cairns","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.03.163","article-title":"Promoter hypermethylation is associated with tumor location, stage, and subsequent progression in transitional cell carcinoma","volume":"23","author":"Catto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2005.07.019","article-title":"Prognostic relevance of methylation markers in patients with non\u2013muscle invasive bladder carcinoma","volume":"41","author":"Friedrich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.05.002","article-title":"Methylation of the RUNX3 promoter as a potential prognostic marker for bladder tumor","volume":"180","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1159\/000158665","article-title":"Promoter hypermethylation in tumour suppressor genes shows association with stage, grade and invasiveness of bladder cancer","volume":"75","author":"Jarmalaite","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2786","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0192","article-title":"Aberrant promoter methylation of multiple genes during pathogenesis of bladder cancer","volume":"17","author":"Brait","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7457","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-0930","article-title":"Detection of methylated apoptosis\u2013associated genes in urine sediments of bladder cancer patients","volume":"10","author":"Friedrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-03-0127","article-title":"Detection of bladder cancer in urine by a tumor suppressor gene hypermethylation panel","volume":"10","author":"Dulaimi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djj265","article-title":"Quantitation of promoter methylation of multiple genes in urine DNA and bladder cancer detection","volume":"98","author":"Hoque","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7296","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-0861","article-title":"A novel set of DNA methylation markers in urine sediments for sensitive\/specific detection of bladder cancer","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.091","article-title":"Hypermethylation of cell\u2013free serum DNA indicates worse outcome in patients with bladder cancer","volume":"179","author":"Ellinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-8-238","article-title":"DNA methylation patterns in bladder cancer and washing cell sediments: a perspective for tumor recurrence detection","volume":"8","author":"Negraes","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604143","article-title":"Identification of DNA hypermethylation of SOX9 in association with bladder cancer progression using CpG microarrays","volume":"98","author":"Aleman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.20542","article-title":"Promoter analysis of epigenetically controlled genes in bladder cancer","volume":"47","author":"Veerla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022061021001092500_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2009.07.041","article-title":"Identification and validation of the methylated TWIST1 and NID2 genes through real\u2013time methylation\u2013specific polymerase chain reaction assays for the noninvasive detection of primary bladder cancer in urine samples","volume":"58","author":"Renard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.1.265","article-title":"HPP1: a transmembrane protein\u2013encoding gene commonly methylated in colorectal polyps and cancers","volume":"98","author":"Young","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji204","article-title":"Detection in fecal DNA of colon cancer\u2013specific methylation of the nonexpressed vimentin gene","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-07-0518","article-title":"Highly methylated genes in colorectal neoplasia: implications for screening","volume":"16","author":"Zou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib37","first-page":"279","article-title":"Vimentin methylation as a marker for advanced colorectal carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Shirahata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.3892\/or_00000325","article-title":"Methylation of CLDN6, FBN2, RBP1, RBP4, TFPI2, and TMEFF2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Tsunoda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4112","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-0028","article-title":"A multicenter, double\u2013blinded validation study of methylation biomarkers for progression prediction in Barrett's esophagus","volume":"69","author":"Jin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib40","first-page":"2227","article-title":"Frequent methylation of Vimentin in well\u2013differentiated gastric carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Kitamura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.07322.x","article-title":"Methylation of the TPEF\u2013 and PAX6\u2013promoters is increased in early bladder cancer and in normal mucosa adjacent to pTa tumours","volume":"101","author":"Hellwinkel","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.59.4.901","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase inhibitors regulate the expression of a TGF\u2013beta superfamily member that has proapoptotic and antitumorigenic activities","volume":"59","author":"Baek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600869","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of macrophage inhibitory cytokine\u20131 (MIC\u20131) gene expression in human prostatic tissues","volume":"88","author":"Nakamura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib44","first-page":"649","article-title":"NSAID activated gene (NAG\u20131), a modulator of tumorigenesis","volume":"39","author":"Eling","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5021","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-3365","article-title":"Identification of novel target genes by an epigenetic reactivation screen of renal cancer","volume":"66","author":"Ibanez de Caceres","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.305405","article-title":"Members of the heat\u2013shock protein 70 family promote cancer cell growth by distinct mechanisms","volume":"19","author":"Rohde","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"2022061021001092500_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.4.7.1838","article-title":"Hsp70\u20132 is required for tumor cell growth and survival","volume":"4","author":"Daugaard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"}],"container-title":["Clinical Cancer Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/clincancerres\/article-pdf\/16\/23\/5842\/1994209\/5842.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/clincancerres\/article-pdf\/16\/23\/5842\/1994209\/5842.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T21:54:11Z","timestamp":1654898051000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/clincancerres\/article\/16\/23\/5842\/13514\/Three-Epigenetic-Biomarkers-GDF15-TMEFF2-and-VIM"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-10-1312","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1158\/1078-0432.c.6519435","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1158\/1078-0432.22442769","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1158\/1078-0432.c.6519435.v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1158\/1078-0432.22442769.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1078-0432","1557-3265"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-0432","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-3265","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]]}}}