{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T18:30:31Z","timestamp":1759602631521},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["aacrjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The role of the estrogen receptor \u03b2 (ER\u03b2) in the colon has received considerable interest, yet in vivo models are needed to better define its protective actions. In the present study, wild-type (WT), ER\u03b1, and ER\u03b2 knockout (\u03b1ERKO and \u03b2ERKO) mice were injected with azoxymethane, a colon chemical carcinogen. Fourteen weeks after azoxymethane exposure, the incidence of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) was assessed by methylene blue staining. \u03b2ERKO mice showed significantly higher incidence (P &amp;lt; 0.001) of ACF (15.0 \u00b1 2.5) compared with \u03b1ERKO (3.4 \u00b1 1.0) and WT (4.6 \u00b1 1.0) mice. The colons in several \u03b2ERKO mice had increased thickness and loss of normal morphology. It has been reported that ER\u03b2 plays a role in the maintenance of the colonic crypt architecture; this may explain the loss of crypt organization in the colonic epithelium of \u03b2ERKO mice. The presence of mucin-depleted foci (MDF) has been shown, both in humans and in rodents, as an early event in colon cancer. Therefore, to surpass the limitations with ACF scoring, we performed Alcian blue-neutral red staining to assess the presence of MDF. This assay allowed the assessment of precancerous lesions on all the \u03b2ERKO mice colons (38.3 \u00b1 4.0; P &amp;lt; 0.001), comparing to WT and \u03b1ERKO mice (6.6 \u00b1 1.5 and 10.0 \u00b1 1.9, respectively), and served to confirm the ACF results. Together, these data support the use of MDF staining as a biomarker for precancerous lesions and the protective role of ER\u03b2 in colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res; 3(9); 1198\u2013204. \u00a92010 AACR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.capr-10-0044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,18]],"date-time":"2010-08-18T01:46:59Z","timestamp":1282096019000},"page":"1198-1204","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1158\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Enhanced Induction of Mucin-Depleted Foci in Estrogen Receptor \u03b2 Knockout Mice"],"prefix":"10.1158","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Diana","family":"Saleiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Biology Division, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois; 2Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; 4National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and 5National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina"},{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Biology Division, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois; 2Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; 4National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and 5National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina"}]},{"given":"Genoveva","family":"Murillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Biology Division, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois; 2Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; 4National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and 5National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina"}]},{"given":"Dennis B.","family":"Lubahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Biology Division, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois; 2Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; 4National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and 5National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina"}]},{"given":"Levy","family":"Kopelovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Biology Division, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois; 2Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 3University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; 4National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and 5National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina"}]},{"given":"Kenneth S.","family":"Korach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Authors' Affiliations:\u20081Cancer Biology Division, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois; 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