{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T14:31:44Z","timestamp":1773757904930,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]],"date-time":"1998-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":883612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]],"date-time":"1998-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":883612800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ORL"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998]]},"abstract":"We have previously shown that tonsil tissue both from children with tonsillar hypertrophy and recurrent tonsillitis is colonized and invaded by <i>Haemophilus influenzae <\/i>and <i>Streptococcus pyogenes <\/i>group A. In order to evaluate if these bacteria are involved in the immunopathogenesis of these two conditions, tonsillar cells from both groups were stimulated in vitro with intact, heat-inactivated <i>H. influenzae<\/i> or <i>S. pyogenes<\/i> A. The immunoreactivity was evaluated by assessing the induction of cytokine production (IL-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-2, IFN-\u03b3, IL-4, TNF-\u03b2 and IL-10), which was detected at the single-cell level. All cytokines studied except IL-4 were induced in both groups after stimulation with <i>H. influenzae <\/i>or <i>S. pyogenes <\/i>A. The dominating cytokines were IL-1\u03b2, IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b2. No major differences in the cytokine pattern or number of cytokine-producing cells were noticed between the two patient cohorts after <i>H. influenzae <\/i>stimulation. Activation by <i>S. pyogenes <\/i>A bacteria gave rise to higher frequencies of IFN-\u03b3- and TNF-\u03b2-synthesizing cells in the recurrent tonsillitis group. The incidence of CD4-, CD8-positive T cells and CD40-positive B cells was comparable between the two groups while the MAC-387-positive macrophages were significantly higher in the recurrent tonsillitis groups. In conclusion, a Th<sub>1<\/sub> type of cytokine response was found in both groups following stimulation with <i>H. influenzae <\/i>or <i>S. pyogenes <\/i>A.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000027560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,15]],"date-time":"2003-04-15T09:24:25Z","timestamp":1050398665000},"page":"35-41","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["<i>Haemophilus influenzae<\/i> and <i>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/i> Group A Challenge Induce a Th<sub>1<\/sub> Type of Cytokine Response in Cells Obtained from Tonsillar Hypertrophy and Recurrent Tonsillitis"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Karin","family":"\u00c5gren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annelie","family":"Brauner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,11]]},"container-title":["ORL"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/27560","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/27560","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T04:07:26Z","timestamp":1745467646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000027560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000027560","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-1569","1423-0275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-1569","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998]]}}}