{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:30:27Z","timestamp":1785886227794,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":1,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been described as the characteristic sequel to extreme events in life such as war and especially torture. This limitation to a single approach in regard to diagnosis and treatment has been criticised as being a too narrow concept to describe the effects following extreme events in life, especially as most studies so far were limited to PTSD and a small range of symptoms or disorders. The study presents data on psychiatric disorders in a group of exiled survivors of torture presenting to an out-patient department for psychiatry. A DSM-III-R-based psychiatric interview, including the general assessment of functioning scale (GAF), an open list of symptoms and the Vienna diagnostic criteria in regard to depression were used to evaluate a broader range of possible sequels. The most frequent present diagnosis in 44 patients seen over a period of 3 years was PTSD (n = 40), but criteria for a present diagnosis of other disorders were fulfilled in 34 patients, even years after torture, mainly major depression or dysthymia (n = 26). Criteria for functional psychosis were fulfilled in 4 patients. Many patients reported symptoms not assessed by DSM-III-R criteria, including feelings of shame and guilt, and ruminations on existential fears. The impairment as indicated by the GAF (mean 59.1) correlated best with the presence of the endogenomorphic-depressive axial syndrome, but not with duration of imprisonment, age or other factors. Research on sequels to extreme trauma should not be restricted to a simple diagnosis of PTSD, but should continue to look for a broader conceptualisation, including neglected categories like the axial syndrome, as PTSD is common, but might not be the only factor of importance for research and treatment. ICD-10 might offer a more adequate interpretation of sequels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000029160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,15]],"date-time":"2003-04-15T13:07:10Z","timestamp":1050412030000},"page":"292-296","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Psychological Disorders in Survivors of Torture: Exhaustion, Impairment and Depression"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Wenzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Griengl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Stompe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Mirzaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Kieffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199702000-00002"}],"container-title":["Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/29160","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/29160","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T04:21:57Z","timestamp":1745468517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000029160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000]]},"references-count":1,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000029160","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0254-4962","1423-033X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0254-4962","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-033X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000]]}}}