{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:50:03Z","timestamp":1789044603537,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Haematol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We have investigated the levels of Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-\u03b3) and Th2 (IL-4) cytokines in the plasma and supernatants following peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture and mitogen stimulation in a group of 39 patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) made up of 29 SS, 8 S\u03b2-thal and 2\u00a0Hb SD in steady state. Five SS patients were studied during 7 episodes of vaso-occlusive crisis. Twenty-four control (3\u00a0Hb AS and 21\u00a0Hb AA) were also studied; 10 were acutely ill while 14 were healthy at the time of the study. The plasma levels of IL-2 and IFN-\u03b3 were similar in the patients and the controls. However, plasma IL-4 was significantly higher among the steady-state SS patients than in the controls. While there was no significant difference in cytokine levels following mitogen stimulation in the different groups, plasma IL-2 to IL-4 and IFN-\u03b3 to IL-4 ratios were significantly lower among the steady-state SS patients, indicating a possible Th2 bias in our sickle cell patients and suggesting a possible mechanism to explain the predisposition of SCD patients to bacterial infections. However, SS patients with good splenic function showed a relative Th1 bias, which may be an additional explanation for the protection against bacterial infections in such patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000041049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,15]],"date-time":"2003-04-15T09:24:25Z","timestamp":1050398665000},"page":"197-202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Th1 and Th2 Cytokine Profiles in Sickle Cell Disease"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Raghupathy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.Z.","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Azizieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Abdelsalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.M.","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.D.","family":"Adekile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2478(93)90135-O"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.7.1.145"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.12.1.227"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(96)80606-2"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.10.1.453"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)84568-4"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.10.1.385"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8652(199609)53:1<1::AID-AJH1>3.0.CO;2-V"}],"container-title":["Acta Haematologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/41049","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/41049","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T04:36:11Z","timestamp":1745469371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000041049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000041049","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-5792","1421-9662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-5792","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000]]}}}