{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T15:19:36Z","timestamp":1774624776437,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":4,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Haematol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Endothelial activation and subclinical microvascular occlusions are an ongoing process during steady-state sickle cell disease, leading to interleukin production and an acute-phase response. Alpha-2-macroglobulin (\u03b12M) is an acute-phase protein mainly regulated by interleukin-6 (IL-6). On the other hand, \u03b12M acts as a carrier protein for IL-6 during inflammatory stress. The purpose of this study is to further assess the interactions between IL-6 and \u03b12M as potent modulators of inflammatory reactions during the steady state of sickle cell disease. We measured \u03b12M and IL-6 levels in 21 patients (12 male, 9 female; age range 12\u201344 years) in the steady state of sickle cell disease. Four patients had homozygous sickle cell anaemia and 17 had double heterozygous sickle cell\/\u03b2-thalassaemia. Diagnostic quantification of \u03b12M was performed by rate nephelometry. Commercial enzyme immunoassay test kits were used for the quantitative measurement of IL-6. The \u03b12M and IL-6 levels were compared to the values obtained from healthy volunteers. Mean values (\u00b1 SD) of \u03b12M and IL-6 were found to be significantly increased (p &lt; 0.0005) in the patients (\u03b12M: 337.2 \u00b1 104 mg\/dl; IL-6: 4 \u00b1 2.1 pg\/ml) compared to the healthy controls (\u03b12M: 204.2 \u00b1 45.8 mg\/dl; IL-6: 1.15 \u00b1 2.5 pg\/ml). IL-6 values were positively correlated with \u03b12M levels (r = 0.61, p &lt; 0.01). We observed increased \u03b12M and IL-6 levels in steady-state sickle cell disease and a positive correlation between these two inflammatory mediators. We suggest that \u03b12M is a potent modulator of the inflammatory reaction and tissue repair mechanism during steady-state microvascular occlusions. Elucidating the role of \u03b12M in sickle cell disease could lead to the development of novel strategies and therapies for preventing the harmful systemic or local effects of excess cytokine production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000046509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,15]],"date-time":"2003-04-15T13:07:10Z","timestamp":1050412030000},"page":"164-168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Alpha-2-Macroglobulin and Interleukin-6 Levels in Steady-State Sickle Cell Disease Patients"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Alexandros C.","family":"Makis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleftheria C.","family":"Hatzimichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anestis","family":"Mavridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos L.","family":"Bourantas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406093302303"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(94)90137-6"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2478(92)90215-A"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(90)90067-J"}],"container-title":["Acta Haematologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/46509","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/46509","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T04:54:40Z","timestamp":1745470480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000046509"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000]]},"references-count":4,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000046509","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-5792","1421-9662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-5792","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000]]}}}