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This evidence contradicts views of American English schwa as having no articulatory target or place features, as well as those which have suggested a neutral target throughout the vocal tract. These findings, however, support claims connecting English schwa with reduced \/r\/. In addition to the basic effect 1 subject showed a bimodal pattern in schwa, which may indicate that this subject has distinct schwas in lexical vs. functional words, a property that has also been observed with respect to \/r\/ in r-vocalizing dialects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000056204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,15]],"date-time":"2003-04-15T19:06:20Z","timestamp":1050433580000},"page":"38-48","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["An X-Ray Investigation of Pharyngeal Constriction in American English Schwa"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Bryan","family":"Gick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021062304114468006_j_000056204_ref_001_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ab1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alwan, A.A.; Narayanan, S.S.; Haker, K.: Toward articulatory-acoustic models for liquid approximants based on MRI and EPG data. 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