{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T14:32:40Z","timestamp":1772893960023,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Respiration"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;\/i&gt; N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and ambroxol (AMB) have recently been proposed as possible therapeutic agents in the treatment of pulmonary disorders. IL-12 plays an important role in host resistance to infection and the development of Th-1 cells. In contrast, IL-10 is involved in anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory mechanisms. &lt;i&gt;Objective:&lt;\/i&gt; We investigated the effects of NAC and AMB on secretions of IL-12 and IL-10 from human alveolar macrophages. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;\/i&gt; Alveolar macrophages were obtained from 7 healthy nonsmokers by bronchoalveolar lavage. The cells were first incubated with either NAC or AMB for 2 h and then cultured in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) solution for 24 h. IL-12 and IL-10 secretions were measured by ELISA. &lt;i&gt;Result:&lt;\/i&gt; Both NAC and AMB enhanced LPS-induced secretion of IL-12. NAC also enhanced LPS-induced IL-10 secretion, while AMB did not. The ratio IL-12\/IL-10 secretion was increased by AMB, but NAC did not affect it. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;\/i&gt; The results suggest that NAC enhances inflammatory and immune responses and prevents excessive responses reciprocally, through keeping local balance of IL-12 and IL-10 production in alveolar macrophages at inflammatory sites of bacterial pneumonia. AMB appears to strengthen inflammatory responses and cell-mediated immunity, facilitating the development of Th-1 cells, through shifting the local balance to IL-12 dominance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000056297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,15]],"date-time":"2003-04-15T19:06:20Z","timestamp":1050433580000},"page":"662-671","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Effects of N-Acetylcysteine and Ambroxol on the Production of IL-12 and IL-10 in Human Alveolar Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Aihara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunio","family":"Dobashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Akiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Naruse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsugio","family":"Nakazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masatomo","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.94.07091678"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.177.4.1205"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.26.14620"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.5.1209"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(98)90506-6"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.1999.98252"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.25.18075"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.8.3633"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19981201)54:5<635::AID-JNR8>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.9.5061"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.78.429"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(94)90130-9"}],"container-title":["Respiration"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/56297","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/56297","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T04:46:44Z","timestamp":1745470004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000056297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000056297","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7931","1423-0356"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7931","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0356","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000]]}}}