{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T11:24:41Z","timestamp":1767871481384,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1104537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1104537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neonatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005]]},"abstract":"<i>Background:<\/i> Progressive post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus in preterm infants strongly predicts abnormal neurologic development, and often accompanies cystic periventricular leukomalacia (cPVL). Transforming growth factor-\u03b2<sub>1<\/sub> (TGF-\u03b2<sub>1<\/sub>), associated with hydrocephalus, can upregulate the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) synthesis. To date, CSPG and their nitrated metabolites (NT-CSPG) have not been evaluated in hydrocephalus. <i>Objectives:<\/i> We hypothesized that TGF-\u03b2<sub>1<\/sub>, TGF-\u03b2<sub>2<\/sub>, CSPG, and NT-CSPG would accumulate in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in preterm hydrocephalus, and their concentrations would correlate with poor long-term outcomes. <i>Methods:<\/i> TGF-\u03b2<sub>1<\/sub>, TGF-\u03b2<sub>2<\/sub>, CSPG, and NT-CSPG concentrations in CSF were measured prospectively by ELISA in 29 preterm newborns with (n = 22) or without (n = 34) progressive post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus, and correlated with progressive neonatal hydrocephalus and neurologic outcome. Only concentrations from each patient\u2019s initial CSF sample were used for statistical analysis. <i>Results:<\/i> Compared to neonates without hydrocephalus, CSF [TGF-\u03b2<sub>1<\/sub>], [TGF-\u03b2<sub>2<\/sub>], [CSPG] and [NT-CSPG] were significantly greater by >3-, >35-, >8-, and >3-fold, respectively. Unlike CSF [TGF-\u03b2<sub>2<\/sub>] and [CSPG], [TGF-\u03b2<sub>1<\/sub>] correlated with CSF [total protein]. Only CSF [NT-CSPG] correlated with cPVL. Unlike [TGF-\u03b2<sub>2<\/sub>] or [CSPG], [NT-CSPG] correlation with preterm progressive post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PPHH) was explained entirely by the presence of cPVL among these patients. [TGF-\u03b2<sub>2<\/sub>] was >20-fold greater in preterm survivors who required a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for PPHH (n = 9), as compared to survivors who did not require a shunt (n = 2), or those without hydrocephalus (n = 12). [TGF-\u03b2<sub>2<\/sub>] and [NT-CSPG] correlated inversely with Bayley Index Scores (15.0 months median adjusted age). <i>Conclusions:<\/i> This is the first report that [TGF-\u03b2<sub>2<\/sub>], [CSPG], and [NT-CSPG], measured well before term, accumulate abnormally in preterm progressive post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus CSF, and correlate with adverse neurologic outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000083945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,15]],"date-time":"2005-02-15T08:04:21Z","timestamp":1108454661000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Accumulation of Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2<sub>2<\/sub> and Nitrated Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans in Cerebrospinal Fluid Correlates with Poor Neurologic Outcome in Preterm Hydrocephalus"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Lily C.","family":"Chow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mandana","family":"Zandian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moise","family":"Danielpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard C.","family":"Krueger Jr.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001%2Fjama.289.9.1124"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0002-9378%2898%2980003-3"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097%2F00005072-199505000-00007"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2F0165-5728%2894%2990041-8"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203%2F00006450-199911000-00014"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097%2F00006123-198105000-00003"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136%2Fadc.86.1.34"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136%2Fadc.84.4.369"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111%2Fj.1460-9568.1994.tb00988.x"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2F0165-3806%2896%2900092-2"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fglia.10110"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawf182"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawg058"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038%2Fnbt751"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126%2Fscience.1088417"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136%2Fadc.87.6.522"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542%2Fpeds.112.1.176"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2004.04.114"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097%2F00005072-199501000-00001"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fjcb.240530408"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.ab.2003.10.004"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067%2Fmpd.2002.123627"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0891-5849%2801%2900499-3"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203%2F01.PDR.0000020088.11295.13"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542%2Fpeds.112.1.1"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fjnr.10408"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0304-3940%2899%2900406-1"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0022-3476%2878%2980282-0"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038%2F227680a0"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203%2F01.PDR.0000119370.21770.AC"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159%2F000063534"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034%2Fj.1600-0404.2003.00163.x"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109%2F02688690209168360"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097%2F00006123-200204000-00016"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0165-3806%2803%2900133-0"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111%2Fj.1750-3639.2004.tb00492.x"}],"container-title":["Neonatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/83945","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/83945","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T03:38:01Z","timestamp":1745465881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000083945"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000083945","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1661-7800","1661-7819"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1661-7800","type":"print"},{"value":"1661-7819","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005]]}}}