{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:02:08Z","timestamp":1790967728462,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1104537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1104537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the associations between education, cerebral perfusion, and cognitive test performance among 132 patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. The participants had had between 0 and 19 years of formal schooling, and had either mild or moderate dementia according to the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. Cerebral perfusion was evaluated by the &lt;sup&gt;99m&lt;\/sup&gt;Tc-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime single photon emission computed tomography. The Mini-Mental State Examination and the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument were used to assess cognitive performance. For patients at each clinical dementia severity level, statistical parametric mapping was used to examine voxel by voxel the association between education and cerebral perfusion, and Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficients were calculated between education and cognitive test scores. Years of formal schooling had negative associations with cerebral perfusion and positive associations with cognitive test scores. The brain regions showing a significant education effect on perfusion involved bilateral posterior association areas in mild dementia, and bilateral parieto-temporo-frontal areas in moderate dementia. The present findings indicate that the cognitive reserve effect starts at the low end of the education range. They also suggest that the main effect of more education is a more facile use of alternative brain circuits instead of locally increased synaptic connections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000085068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,15]],"date-time":"2005-04-15T12:40:32Z","timestamp":1113568832000},"page":"8-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Cognitive Reserve: A SPECT Study of 132 Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Patients with an Education Range of 0\u201319 Years"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yi-Chu","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren-Shyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evenly Lee","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Chung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Ning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ker-Neng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Ping","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiu-Chih","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001%2Fjama.271.13.1004"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fana.410270412"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017%2FS1355617702813248"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001%2Farchneur.58.12.2034"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fana.410370508"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fana.410320311"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001%2Farchneur.60.3.359"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawf185"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2F0021-9681%2886%2990019-6"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192%2Fbjp.140.6.566"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fhbm.460020402"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159%2F000069086"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159%2F000072808"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fhbm.460030303"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006%2Fnimg.2002.1259"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0925-4927%2899%2900004-9"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2F0022-3956%2875%2990026-6"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017%2FS1041610294001602"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159%2F000057703"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007%2FBF02988596"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2F0022-3956%2895%2900032-1"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159%2F000154256"}],"container-title":["Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/85068","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/85068","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T03:48:53Z","timestamp":1745466533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000085068"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000085068","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-8008","1421-9824"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-8008","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9824","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005]]}}}