{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T22:07:29Z","timestamp":1782857249638,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1104537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1104537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Folia Phoniatr Logop"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The transition between \u2018chest\u2019 and \u2018head\u2019 register is essential for male opera singers in order to reach the higher pitches. The \u2018passaggio\u2019, which is a scale passage where this transition takes place, but also a maneuver of register equalization, is typically difficult to learn. Studies on parameters for a definition of this transition are restricted to a small number of singers so far. Audio, electroglottographic, and equivalent subglottic pressure signals of 11 male opera singers were recorded while singing scales on open back vowels and passing the register transition. A spectrum analysis of the audio signal revealed that the second harmonic (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;) dominates in \u2018chest\u2019, resonated by the first formant (F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;\/sub&gt;), together with the fourth harmonic (H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;\/sub&gt;), supported by the second formant (F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;). During the passaggio, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt; level decreases because it loses the resonance of F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;\/sub&gt;, while the third harmonic (H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;\/sub&gt;) gains the resonance of F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;. At this point the H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;\/sub&gt; level drops because that harmonic is no longer supported by F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;. The transition from \u2018chest\u2019 to \u2018head\u2019 register is marked by characteristic changes in the amplitude patterns of the partials H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;, H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;\/sub&gt;, and H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;\/sub&gt;, and the frequency progressions of the first two formants, defining an objective distinction between the two registers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000087084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,2]],"date-time":"2005-11-02T13:43:44Z","timestamp":1130939024000},"page":"308-327","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The Interplay between Glottis and Vocal Tract during the Male Passaggio"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Katrin","family":"Neumann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Schunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Hoth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald A.","family":"Euler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0892-1997%2888%2980075-4"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0892-1997%2801%2900048-0"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121%2F1.1911796"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121%2F1.1915685"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0892-1997%2805%2980050-5"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0892-1997%2805%2980018-9"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0377-82"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0892-1997%2805%2980340-6"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0892-1997%2803%2900037-7"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0892-1997%2805%2980017-7"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121%2F1.1906875"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0892-1997%2800%2980003-X"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.jvoice.2003.12.010"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0892-1997%2805%2980108-0"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0892-1997%2805%2980189-4"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0892-1997%2805%2980236-X"}],"container-title":["Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/87084","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/87084","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T03:18:51Z","timestamp":1745464731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000087084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5-6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000087084","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1021-7762","1421-9972"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1021-7762","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9972","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005]]}}}