{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:47:03Z","timestamp":1791935223060,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,9]],"date-time":"2005-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1134086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,9]],"date-time":"2005-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1134086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Addict Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;i&gt;Aim:&lt;\/i&gt; To describe social characteristics seen among socially excluded drug users in 10 cities from 9 European countries, and identify which social exclusion indicators (i.e. housing, employment, education) are most closely linked to intravenous drug use. &lt;i&gt;Design:&lt;\/i&gt; Cross-sectional survey. &lt;i&gt;Setting:&lt;\/i&gt; Interviews were held in social services centers, town halls, streets, squares and other usual meeting points of the target population. &lt;i&gt;Participants:&lt;\/i&gt; The sample comprises 1,879 participants who have used heroin and\/or cocaine and certain derivatives (92.3%) over the last year. Males accounted for 69.7% of the sample, and the mean age was 30.19 years. Participants were recruited in 10 cities: Seville and Granada, Spain; Cologne, Germany; Vienna, Austria; Brussels, Belgium; Athens, Greece; Dublin, Ireland; London, England; Lisbon, Portugal, and Perugia, Italy. &lt;i&gt;Measurements:&lt;\/i&gt; Structured face-to-face questionnaire, conducted by privileged access interviewers. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt; Cannabis, heroin and cocaine are the most widely used substances. In the total sample, 60.2% injected drugs during the last year, 45.9% reported having hepatitis C; 54.9% have been in prison; 14.2% are homeless; 11.3% have a regular job, and 35.2% are involved in illegal activities. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis (injectors and non-injectors) showed that older participants have a greater likelihood of injecting than younger ones. Social exclusion variables associated with intravenous drug use are incarceration, homelessness, irregular employment, and delinquency. Participants who abandoned or were expelled from a drug treatment program are at greater risk of injecting drugs than participants who have never had treatment, are currently in treatment or have been released. &lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;\/i&gt; Personal, social, and economic conditions are all linked in a process of social exclusion that compounds problem drug misuse. Given the findings of this study, we believe that there is a clear need for specific programs targeting specific groups, i.e., distinct strategies must be set in place, in line with the profile and needs of the patient in each context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000088581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,12]],"date-time":"2005-12-12T09:50:23Z","timestamp":1134381023000},"page":"33-41","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Drugs and Social Exclusion in Ten European Cities"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Joan Carles","family":"March","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenia","family":"Oviedo-Joekes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177%2F026101830102100202"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111%2F1467-9515.00148"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037%2F%2F0033-2909.112.1.64"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081%2FJA-120017376"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046%2Fj.1360-0443.1997.9233258.x"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1157%2F13063102"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0277-9536%2801%2900167-8"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093%2Fije%2F29.4.734"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2F0376-8716%2895%2901194-3"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093%2Fije%2F23.4.805"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093%2Faje%2Fkwg209"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046%2Fj.1360-0443.2001.9668476.x"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080%2F105504999305956"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0955-3959%2802%2900004-X"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS1047-2797%2801%2900284-8"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046%2Fj.1365-2524.2002.00357.x"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046%2Fj.1360-0443.1995.90683712.x"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046%2Fj.1360-0443.1997.9244378.x"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080%2F10550490490440843"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097%2F00005053-199201000-00010"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046%2Fj.1360-0443.2000.95812077.x"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159%2F000019019"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258%2F135581903322029476"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046%2Fj.1360-0443.2000.95812178.x"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109%2F00952999309002663"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046%2Fj.1360-0443.1999.94811919.x"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080%2F713660130"}],"container-title":["European Addiction Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/88581","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/88581","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T03:32:06Z","timestamp":1745465526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000088581"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,9]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000088581","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1022-6877","1421-9891"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1022-6877","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9891","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,9]]}}}