{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T13:28:03Z","timestamp":1770902883809,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;\/i&gt; Lower education is associated with a higher risk of developing Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). Years of education and measures of general intellectual function (IQ) are highly correlated. It is important to determine whether there is a relationship between education and AD outcomes that is independent of IQ. &lt;i&gt;Objective:&lt;\/i&gt; To test the hypothesis that premorbid IQ is a stronger predictor of cognitive decline, global progression, and overall survival, than education in patients with AD. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;\/i&gt; The study included 478 probable AD patients (322 women and 156 men, mean age 74.5 years) followed in a large AD referral center for a mean of 3.2 years. Eligible participants had a baseline estimate of premorbid IQ using the American version of the Nelson Adult Reading Test (AMNART) and at least one follow-up visit with complete neuropsychological assessment. We used random effects linear regression analysis, and Cox proportional hazards analysis to determine whether or not education and\/or premorbid IQ were independently associated with cognitive decline, global progression of AD, and survival. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt; When the baseline AMNART score was included in regression models along with education and other demographic variables, AMNART score, but not education, was associated with a higher baseline score and slower rate of decline in MMSE and ADAS-Cog scores, and the Clinical Dementia Rating sum of boxes score. Neither higher premorbid IQ nor higher education was associated with longer survival. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;\/i&gt; We conclude that a baseline AMNART score is a better predictor of cognitive change in AD than education, but neither variable is associated with survival after diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000095640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,6]],"date-time":"2006-09-06T13:09:10Z","timestamp":1157548150000},"page":"367-377","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Influence of Premorbid IQ and Education on Progression of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"V.N.","family":"Pavlik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.S.","family":"Doody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.J.","family":"Massman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159%2F000064930"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001%2Farchneur.58.12.2034"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001%2Fjama.271.13.1004"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212%2FWNL.45.9.1707"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037%2F%2F0894-4105.7.3.273"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212%2FWNL.53.9.1942"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017%2FS1041610202008554"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212%2F01.WNL.0000140488.65299.53"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159%2F000154256"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159%2F000154112"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207%2FS15326942DN2303_1"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0301-0511%2802%2900057-1"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375%2F136905202762342017"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192%2Fbjp.114.512.797"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2F0028-3932%2871%2990067-4"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192%2Fbjp.140.6.566"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159%2F000074078"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2F0022-3956%2875%2990026-6"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080%2F01688639108405109"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212%2FWNL.34.7.939"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192%2Fbjp.153.2.178"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017%2FS0033291701003634"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080%2F01688639608408309"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076%2F1380-3395%28200008%2922%3A4%3B1-0%3BFT508"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017%2FS1355617700001727"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307%2F2531734"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0258%2820000615%2F30%2919%3A11%2F12%3C1401%3A%3AAID-SIM432%3E3.0.CO%3B2-X"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159%2F000067969"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034%2Fj.1600-0404.2003.00037.x"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawh144"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.arr.2004.05.001"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080%2F13607860410001725072"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177%2F0891988705281868"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017%2FS1355617702813157"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207%2Fs15324826an1101_5"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076%2Fjcen.25.5.680.14579"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159%2F000026272"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001%2Farchneur.62.3.454"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212%2F01.WNL.0000094327.68399.59"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159%2F000087300"}],"container-title":["Dementia 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