{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T17:43:11Z","timestamp":1775151791430,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuroimmunomodulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;i&gt;Objective:&lt;\/i&gt; Human T lymphotropic virus-type 1 (HTLV-1) activates the immune system leading to a persistent and exacerbated T-cell response with increased production of IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1. Overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines is correlated with the development of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP), although some HTLV-1 carriers also show high levels of these cytokines. In this study, the ability of regulatory cytokines and cytokine antagonists to inhibit spontaneous IFN-\u03b3 production was investigated. &lt;i&gt;Method:&lt;\/i&gt; IFN-\u03b3 levels were measured by ELISA before and after addition of cytokines or anti-cytokines. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt; Addition of IL-10 significantly reduced spontaneous IFN-\u03b3 synthesis in cell cultures from HTLV-1 carriers, while no differences were observed in HAM\/TSP patients. There was also a tendency to decreased IFN-\u03b3 levels in cell cultures from HTLV-1 carriers with exogenous addition of TGF-\u03b2. In paired analysis, neutralization of IL-2 significantly decreased IFN-\u03b3 production in HTLV-1 carriers but not in HAM\/TSP patients. Neutralization of IL-15 was less effective than neutralization of IL-2 in modulating IFN-\u03b3 production. In HTLV-1 carriers, anti-IL-2 and simultaneous addition of anti-IL-2 and anti-IL-15 decreased IFN-\u03b3 synthesis by 46 and 64%, respectively, whereas in patients with HAM\/TSP simultaneous neutralization of both anti-cytokines only decrease IFN-\u03b3 levels by 27%. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;\/i&gt; Although a large proportion of HTLV-1 carriers produced high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines similar to those observed in HAM\/TSP patients, immune response can be downregulated by cytokines or cytokine antagonists in most HTLV-1 carriers. This modulation can be an important step in the prevention of tissue damage and progression from the HTLV-1 carrier state to HAM\/TSP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000097259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,27]],"date-time":"2006-11-27T10:07:49Z","timestamp":1164622069000},"page":"145-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Modulation of T Cell Responses in HTLV-1 Carriers and in Patients with Myelopathy Associated with HTLV-1"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Silvane B.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lia F.","family":"Porto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Luiz","family":"Muniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia C.","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaqueline B.","family":"Guerreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamary","family":"Oliveira-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edgar M.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fana.410270209"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2885%2992734-5"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fana.410290214"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fana.10065"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097%2F00005072-199401000-00009"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109%2F13550289809114225"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073%2Fpnas.87.13.5218"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212%2FWNL.33.11.1444"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097%2F00042560-199600001-00018"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1620%2Ftjem.179.227"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097%2F00042560-199600001-00017"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080%2F13550280260422668"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086%2F425017"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046%2Fj.1365-2249.2002.01777.x"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146%2Fannurev.immunol.19.1.683"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074%2Fjbc.M200150200"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Feji.1830230805"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086%2F368379"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1208970"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128%2FIAI.71.9.4996-5004.2003"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097%2F01.wco.0000169737.99040.31"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186%2F1471-2334-4-7"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023%2FA%3A1008324701986"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146%2Fannurev.med.56.082103.104549"}],"container-title":["Neuroimmunomodulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/97259","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/97259","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T03:01:45Z","timestamp":1745463705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000097259"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000097259","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1021-7401","1423-0216"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1021-7401","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0216","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006]]}}}