{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:39:19Z","timestamp":1777927159628,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,7,23]],"date-time":"1997-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":869616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,7,23]],"date-time":"1997-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":869616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuroimmunomodulation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pineal neurohormone melatonin functionally synchronizes the photoper-iod in the organism. In the last decade, it has become increasingly clear that the pineal gland and melatonin also play an important immunoregulatory role. T helper (Th) cells bear G-protein-coupled melatonin receptors. Activation of melatonin receptors enhances the release of Th cell cytokines, such as \u03b3-interferon and interleukin-2, as well as novel opioid cytokines which cross-react immunologically with both interleukin-4 and dynorphin B. These mediators may counteract secondary immunodeficiencies, protect mice against lethal viral and bacterial diseases, synergize with interleukin-2 in cancer patients and affect hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis is apparently influenced by the action of melatonin-induced opioids on \u0138-opioid receptors present on stromal bone marrow cells. Most interestingly, \u03b3-interferon and colony-stimulating factors may modulate the production of melatonin in the pineal gland. A hypothetical pineal-immune-hematopoietic network is, therefore, taking shape. From the immunopharmacological point of view, there is a need for clinical studies on the effect of melatonin in human immunodeficiency-viruis-infected patients and cancer patients. In conclusion, melatonin seems to be an important immunomodulatory hormone which deserves to be further studied to identify its relevance in immune-based diseases, its therapeutic indications and its adverse effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000097292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,30]],"date-time":"2008-05-30T03:28:44Z","timestamp":1212118124000},"page":"325-332","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Melatonin and the Immune-Hematopoietic System Therapeutic and Adverse Pharmacological Correlates"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Georges J.M.","family":"Maestroni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ario","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,7,23]]},"container-title":["Neuroimmunomodulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/97292","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/000097292","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:36:29Z","timestamp":1777674989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000097292"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,7,23]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000097292","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1021-7401","1423-0216"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1021-7401","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0216","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,7,23]]}}}