{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T06:46:58Z","timestamp":1769237218024,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;\/i&gt; Recent studies have shown a role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 are cytokines with a prevalent pro-inflammatory activity. Our objective was to study the renal gene expression of TNF-\u03b1, IL-1 and IL-6 in DN and their relationship with renal damage assessed by urinary albumin excretion (UAE). In addition, we also investigated the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and pentoxifylline (PTF) administration on these parameters. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;\/i&gt; After streptozotocin-induced diabetes, rats received either no treatment or therapy with enalapril (EN) or PTF for 8 weeks. Renal expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Urinary cytokine excretion and albuminuria were also evaluated. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt; Renal cortical mRNA expression for TNF-\u03b1, IL-1 and IL-6 in untreated diabetic rats was 2.4-, 1.2- and 3.4-fold higher than in non-diabetic rats. Kidney weight and UAE were significantly associated with renal mRNA expression of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6. Both EN and PTF administration virtually abrogated the overexpression of TNF-\u03b1, IL-1 and IL-6, which was associated with a reduction in kidney weight and urinary albumin excretion. &lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;\/i&gt; The renal expression of the main pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-\u03b1, IL-1 and IL-6 is increased in DN, which is significantly associated with UAE. EN and PTF administration prevented this enhanced expression, leading to a decrease in urinary cytokine excretion and a reduction in albuminuria. These findings provide novel insight into the pathogenic mechanisms of DN, supporting the hypothesis that inflammatory mechanisms play a role in the renal injury secondary to diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000098004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,15]],"date-time":"2006-12-15T15:03:55Z","timestamp":1166195035000},"page":"562-570","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":178,"title":["Renal Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression in Diabetic Nephropathy: Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Pentoxifylline Administration"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Juan F.","family":"Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francisco 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