{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T20:14:30Z","timestamp":1782850470140,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,5]],"date-time":"2007-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,5]],"date-time":"2007-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Respiration"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008]]},"abstract":"<i>Background:<\/i> Farmers may be often exposed to \u03b2-<i>D<\/i>-glucan in moldy hay, since straw for feed can be stored throughout the year. <i>Objectives:<\/i> The aim of the present study was to clarify whether levels of \u03b2-<i>D<\/i>-glucan, which modifies immune responses, are high in the respiratory tract in farmer\u2019s lung and whether \u03b2-<i>D<\/i>-glucan participates in the pathogenesis of this condition. <i>Methods:<\/i> We measured \u03b2-<i>D<\/i>-glucan levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of 10 patients with farmer\u2019s lung, 4 with summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) and 10 healthy volunteers. Interleukin (IL)-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 levels in BALF were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We investigated the effects of \u03b2-<i>D<\/i>-glucan on nuclear factor (NF)-\u0138B activation and on the release of IL-8 and TNF-\u03b1 from small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) in vitro. <i>Results:<\/i> \u03b2-<i>D<\/i>-Glucan levels in the BALF of farmer\u2019s lung patients were increased compared to those in patients with summer-type HP and in healthy volunteers. Additionally, IL-8 levels in BALF were higher in farmer\u2019s lung than in summer-type HP, and TNF-\u03b1 levels were equal in the two patient groups but raised compared to those in healthy volunteers. High, but not low, concentrations of \u03b2-<i>D<\/i>-glucan were found to induce NF-\u0138B activation in SAECs. IL-8 levels in the supernatant obtained from SAEC cultures were increased following the addition of \u03b2-<i>D<\/i>-glucan in vitro. <i>Conclusion:<\/i> BALF from farmer\u2019s lung patients showed high \u03b2-<i>D<\/i>-glucan levels, which may enhance the expression and release of cytokines through NF-\u0138B activation in respiratory epithelial cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000098406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,5]],"date-time":"2007-01-05T14:48:36Z","timestamp":1168008516000},"page":"182-188","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Elevated Levels of \u03b2-<i>D<\/i>-Glucan in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Patients with Farmer\u2019s Lung in Miyazaki, Japan"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Jun-ichi","family":"Ashitani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Kyoraku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigehisa","family":"Yanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuhiro","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masamitsu","family":"Nakazato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097%2F00063198-199709000-00013"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.intimp.2004.02.007"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378%2Fchest.123.4.1302"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074%2Fjbc.M301426200"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074%2Fjbc.M209715200"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007%2Fs00408-004-0311-7"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172%2FJCI119420"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Feji.200324634"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183%2F09031936.98.11061281"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056%2FNEJM199704103361506"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2802%2900703-1"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126%2Fscience.270.5234.286"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2895%2991152-9"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165%2Frcmb.2004-0300OC"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0014-2999%2897%2901191-6"}],"container-title":["Respiration"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/98406","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/98406","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T02:31:26Z","timestamp":1745461886000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000098406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,5]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000098406","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7931","1423-0356"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7931","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0356","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,5]]}}}