{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:10:56Z","timestamp":1791213056253,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Respiration"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;\/i&gt; Smoking alters the inflammatory cell balance in the airways, often leading to repeated respiratory infections and, eventually, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in susceptible individuals. &lt;i&gt;Objective:&lt;\/i&gt; It was the aim of this study to evaluate alterations in the airway inflammatory balance caused by chronic cigarette smoke exposure. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;\/i&gt; We compared results of biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from non-smoking (n = 8) and smoking (n = 5; pack years 25.06 \u00b1 11.75, range 7.13\u201336.8) subjects without COPD. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt; In BAL samples, we found a significantly higher number of total cells (353 \u00b1 96 million vs. 114 \u00b1 52 million; p = 0.003) and macrophages (331 \u00b1 100 million vs. 84 \u00b1 36 million; p = 0.002) in asymptomatic smoking subjects in comparison with never-smokers. Macrophages correlated negatively with the forced expiratory volume in 1 s as percent of the predicted value (\u03c1 = \u20130.75, p = 0.003). Of 23 mediators examined, mRNA expression of cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, interferon-\u03b3, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b2, IL-13 and chemokines CCL5, CCL3, CCL4 and CCL20 was significantly lowered in BAL cells of smokers compared with never-smokers and was negatively correlated with macrophages and positively correlated with the forced expiratory volume in 1 s as percent of the predicted value. Differential cell counts were similar between smokers and never-smokers in the bronchial biopsies. &lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;\/i&gt; We conclude that in a susceptible population, smoking suppresses inflammatory defense by inhibiting expression of inflammatory mediators in the airways on a large scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000114855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,30]],"date-time":"2008-01-30T11:02:09Z","timestamp":1201690929000},"page":"450-458","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Decreased Cytokine and Chemokine mRNA Expression in Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Asymptomatic Smoking 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