{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:39:49Z","timestamp":1791214789103,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"4-5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sex Dev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) (Ad4BP, NR5A1) is a nuclear receptor that regulates many aspects of adrenal and reproductive development and function. Consequently, deletion of the gene &lt;i&gt;(Nr5a1)&lt;\/i&gt; encoding Sf-1 in XY mice results in impaired adrenal development, complete testicular dysgenesis with M\u00fcllerian structures, and female external genitalia. Initial efforts to identify &lt;i&gt;NR5A1&lt;\/i&gt; changes in humans focused on 46,XY individuals with combined adrenogonadal failure and M\u00fcllerian structures. Although this combination of clinical features is rare, 2 such patients harboring &lt;i&gt;NR5A1&lt;\/i&gt; mutations have been described within the past decade. More recently, however, it has emerged that heterozygous loss of function mutations in &lt;i&gt;NR5A1&lt;\/i&gt; can be found relatively frequently in children and adults with 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) but with apparently normal adrenal function. The phenotypic spectrum associated with these changes ranges from complete testicular dysgenesis with M\u00fcllerian structures, through individuals with mild clitoromegaly or genital ambiguity, to severe penoscrotal hypospadias or even anorchia. Furthermore, a non-synonymous polymorphism in &lt;i&gt;NR5A1&lt;\/i&gt; may be associated with micropenis or undescended testes within the population. Taken together, these reports suggest that variable loss of SF-1 function can be associated with a wide range of reproductive phenotypes in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000152036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,10]],"date-time":"2008-11-10T10:48:13Z","timestamp":1226314093000},"page":"200-209","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":167,"title":["Steroidogenic Factor-1 &lt;i&gt;(SF-1, Ad4BP, NR5A1)&lt;\/i&gt; and Disorders of Testis Development"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.C.","family":"Achermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038%2F9629"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fjc.87.4.1829"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086%2F316893"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fme.2003-0333"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fme.11.7.867"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fme.11.2.138"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fjc.2003-031240"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fjc.2007-0024"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124%2Fmol.107.040089"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128%2FMCB.22.20.7193-7203.2002"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126%2Fscience.3283939"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fjc.2004-0942"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS1097-2765%2800%2980480-3"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0925-4773%2899%2900123-9"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fjc.2004-0935"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fme.8.5.654"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fme.12.2.290"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074%2Fjbc.M002892200"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fjc.2004-2047"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182%2Fblood-2004-08-3367"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fhumu.20588"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fme.2004-0173"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.cell.2005.01.024"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.2858-07.2007"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fme.6.8.1249"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128%2FMCB.25.5.1879-1890.2005"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fme.2006-0478"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128%2FMCB.00355-07"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2005.02.002"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fjc.2006-0603"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fjc.2006-1672"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fme.2005-0384"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2F0092-8674%2894%2990211-9"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fen.143.2.607"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fjc.2004-0670"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007%2Fs11010-008-9764-y"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2005.09.008"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006%2Fbbrc.1996.1343"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093%2Fhumrep%2Fdem278"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fjc.82.6.1799"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530%2FEJE-07-0113"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fmend-5-10-1552"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073%2Fpnas.92.24.10939"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038%2Fnature06944"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fme.2007-0444"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021%2Fbi9628984"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006%2Fgeno.1995.1204"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2F0888-7543%2895%2980059-U"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074%2Fjbc.M305485200"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101%2Fgad.4.4.624"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fme.2006-0302"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242%2Fdev.004390"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507%2Fendocrj.52.445"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.fertnstert.2005.09.016"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fme.2006-0248"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073%2Fpnas.0409482102"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073%2Fpnas.141543298"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021%2Fjm060990k"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publ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