{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:37:09Z","timestamp":1791293829068,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,27]],"date-time":"2008-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1225065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,27]],"date-time":"2008-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1225065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neonatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;\/i&gt; Hospitalized preterm infants may experience pain and stress, and narcotics are often administered to lessen their suffering. However, prolonged narcotic therapy may be detrimental during neonatal brain development. Using a rat model combining neonatal stress and morphine, we found that neonatal morphine impaired adult learning. Here we describe a new mouse model examining lasting effects of neonatal stress and morphine. &lt;i&gt;Objective:&lt;\/i&gt; We tested whether repeated neonatal stress and\/or morphine exposure affects early neurodevelopmental or adult behaviors. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;\/i&gt; Five groups of C57\/BL6 mice (1: untreated; 2: morphine (2 mg\/kg s.c., b.i.d.); 3: saline, 4: stress + morphine; 5: stress + saline) were treated from postnatal day (P) 5 to P9. Stress consisted of daily maternal separation\/isolation (08:00\u201315:00 h) with gavage feedings and twice daily exposure to brief hypoxia\/hyperoxia. Developmental behaviors included righting (P5) and negative geotaxis (P9). Adult behaviors included elevated plus maze, morphine place-preference conditioning, and forced-swimming. Plasma con- centrations of morphine (P7) and corticosterone (P9 and adult) were measured. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt; Neonatal stress or neonatal morphine alone impaired adult place-preference conditioning, but the combination did not (interaction p &lt; 0.01). Adult basal corticosterones were reduced by neonatal morphine treatment. There were no substantial differences in elevated plus maze or forced-swimming times. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;\/i&gt; Neonatal stress and morphine treatment produced long-lasting behavioral and hormonal effects which suggest that neonatal morphine reduces adult arousal and neonatal stress exaggerates adult arousal, each to a degree sufficient to alter learning, while the combined impact of these neonatal treatments does not alter adult learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000165379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,24]],"date-time":"2008-10-24T13:39:27Z","timestamp":1224855567000},"page":"230-239","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Neonatal Stress or Morphine Treatment Alters Adult Mouse Conditioned Place Preference"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Jared F.","family":"Boasen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald J.","family":"McPherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Hays","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra E.","family":"Juul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Gleason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136%2Fbmj.298.6673.564"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097%2F00004872-200018070-00004"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159%2F000014197"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0022-3476%2805%2982420-5"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136%2Ffn.79.1.F40"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0022-3476%2896%2970201-9"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2F0140-6736%2893%2991472-X"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2916251-X"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001%2Fjama.290.18.2419"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055%2Fs-2007-986675"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.2281-05.2005"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2F1098-2396%28200104%2940%3A1%3C1%3A%3AAID-SYN1020%3E3.0.CO%3B2-E"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0149-7634%2803%2900008-3"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2F0031-9384%2895%2902069-1"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007%2FBF02246414"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0091-3057%2898%2900027-6"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2F0006-8993%2890%2990431-A"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007%2FBF02249346"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.pain.2004.11.013"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0091-3057%2897%2900281-5"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159%2F000100084"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.neuro.2007.01.014"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fdev.420240803"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542%2Fpeds.2004-1425"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0022-3476%2899%2970163-0"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124%2Fmol.106.025783"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.ejphar.2004.11.025"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.bbr.2005.08.010"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2F0018-506X%2892%2990015-N"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177%2F1099800402003003002"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.devbrainres.2004.05.007"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053%2Fscnp.2002.31781"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2006.05.003"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111%2Fj.1601-183X.2005.00172.x"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2F0091-3057%2894%2990250-X"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2004.04.077"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.bbi.2005.09.006"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.psyneuen.2006.01.002"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007%2Fs002130050130"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203%2F01.pdr.0000190575.12965.ce"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0018-506X%2803%2900063-1"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.psyneuen.2007.02.008"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2F%28SICI%291098-2302%28199804%2932%3A3%3C225%3A%3AAID-DEV6%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Q"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0006-3223%2899%2900157-2"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006%2Fnlme.2002.4082"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.psyneuen.2004.12.004"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0091-3057%2802%2900809-2"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111%2Fj.1365-2826.2006.01482.x"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126%2Fscience.289.5479.628"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0028-3908%2802%2900030-8"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.neulet.2005.07.035"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007%2F0-306-47611-8_15"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038%2Fsj.bjp.0704364"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007%2Fs10620-006-3132-0"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046%2Fj.1460-9568.2000.01015.x"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1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