{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T01:05:25Z","timestamp":1777770325971,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]],"date-time":"2008-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1226448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]],"date-time":"2008-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1226448000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stokes-Adams attacks are related to paroxysmal or chronic atrioventricular (AV) block (50-60%), sinoatrial (SA) block (30-40%) or paroxysmal tachycardia or fibrillation (0-5%). In between attacks most patients present with sinus rhythm, a large part with widened QRS complex. A minor proportion of patients present with chronic AV block. ECG is very rarely normal. Diagnosis is based on ECG recording during fainting. In patients with sinus rhythm and bundle-branch block or AV block, ECG monitoring should be performed in hospital, since Stokes-Adams syndrome in these patients is a potentially life-threatening disease. In sick sinus syndrome where the suspected arrthymia is not life-threatening, ambulatory ECG by Holter monitoring can be performed to establish the diagnosis. In cases where ECG monitoring leaves doubt, an electrophysiologic study including His bundle electrogra-phy and sinus node recovery time may support the diagnosis, although normal findings do not preclude the diagnosis. Pacemaker implantation should be performed in Stokes-Adams syndrome, as oral drug treatment is ineffective. The dual-chamber pacemaker presents the advantages of both physiological heart rate and AV synchrony, but has troublesome side effects. Most patients with tachycardia\/bradycardia syndromes require supplementary anti-arrhythmic treatment, and in some patients additional long-term anticoagulation should be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000174601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,17]],"date-time":"2008-11-17T10:32:38Z","timestamp":1226917958000},"page":"195-208","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Management of Stokes-Adams Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1159","author":[{"given":"B.","family":"Sigurd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Sand\u00f8e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]]},"container-title":["Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/000174601","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T16:32:36Z","timestamp":1777480356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000174601"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000174601","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-6312","1421-9751"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-6312","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9751","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]]}}}