{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T06:58:26Z","timestamp":1769237906005,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuroimmunomodulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease accompanied by excessive and\/or prolonged cytokine production, which might affect the immunoendocrine communication and favor the establishment of an adverse state with important alterations in essential biological functions. Studies in blood from TB patients showed increased levels of interferon \u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and IL-6, accompanied by a modest increase in the levels of cortisol, prolactin, and thyroid hormones and markedly augmented concentrations of growth hormone. Conversely, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels were profoundly decreased, resulting in an increased cortisol\/DHEA ratio. The finding that culture supernatants from &lt;i&gt;Mycobacterium-tuberculosis&lt;\/i&gt;-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of TB patients inhibit DHEA secretion by a human adrenal cell line indicates that immune cells from these patients can directly affect the synthesis of this hormone. Supporting the existence of bidirectional interactions, in vitro treatment of PBMCs from TB patients with physiological concentrations of cortisol inhibited mycobacterial antigen-driven lymphoproliferation and IFN-\u03b3 production, whereas DHEA suppressed transforming growth factor \u03b2 production from cases with progressive disease. Further analysis showed that plasma DHEA levels correlated positively with the in vitroproduction of IFN-\u03b3 by mycobacterial-stimulated PBMCs, and the cortisol\/DHEA ratio was inversely correlated with IFN-\u03b3 production. Lastly, it was also shown that the immunoendocrine imbalance in TB patients was associated with weight loss, which in turn correlated with the impairment on their specific in vitro cellular immune responses. These immunoendocrine interactions may play a detrimental role during TB, in terms of the development of protective immune responses, control of tissue damage and metabolic disorders, being implicated in disease aggravation and the \u2018classic\u2019 TB consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000180261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,12]],"date-time":"2009-02-12T13:45:00Z","timestamp":1234446300000},"page":"68-77","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Immunoendocrine Alterations during Human Tuberculosis as an Integrated View of Disease Pathology"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Oscar","family":"Bottasso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda 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