{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T16:07:49Z","timestamp":1777910869604,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,28]],"date-time":"2008-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1227830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,28]],"date-time":"2008-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1227830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nephron"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Normal red cell survival is possible in dialyzed patients. Certain substances like copper and nitratenitrite induce hemolysis if present in the dialysate. We have identified another and probably a more frequent cause for hemolysis in dialyzed patients; chloramines. These compounds (a) are becoming more frequent in tap water as large water plants increasingly use chloramines rather than chlorine as bactericidal agents in tap water; (b) pass reverse osmosis membranes easily; (c) directly induce oxidant damage to red cells with methemoglobin formation; (d) damage the hexosemonophosphate shunt (HMPS) with which red cells defend themselves against oxidant damage; (e) consequently induce hemolysis and short red cell survival time; (f) sensitize the patients to oxidant drugs like primaquine, sulfonamides, etc.; (g) can be removed by charcoal filtration, boiling, or vacuum treatment, and (h) are most expediently neutralized by the addition of ascorbic acid in physiological amounts to the dialysate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000180421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,29]],"date-time":"2008-11-29T09:20:02Z","timestamp":1227950402000},"page":"427-433","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Hemolysis in Dialized Patients caused by Chloramines"],"prefix":"10.1159","author":[{"given":"Carl M.","family":"Kjellstrand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Eaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshihito","family":"Yawata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"Swofford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles F.","family":"Kolpin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theodore J.","family":"Buselmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"von Hartitzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harry S.","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,28]]},"container-title":["Nephron"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/000180421","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T15:08:47Z","timestamp":1777648127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000180421"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,28]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000180421","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-8151","2235-3186"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-8151","type":"print"},{"value":"2235-3186","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,28]]}}}