{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T14:59:55Z","timestamp":1782140395427,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,10]],"date-time":"2008-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1228867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,10]],"date-time":"2008-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1228867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nephron"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic renal failure developed in 5 patients who were taking germanium dioxide (GeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;)-containing compounds. Renal functional deterioration was slow but progressive and dialysis treatment was necessitated temporarily in 2 patients. After the discontinuation of GeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;, the impaired renal function tended to improve but remained abnormal for an observation period of 10\u201340 months. The lack of proteinuria and hematuria was characterized as the clinical manifestations. Renal biopsy specimens revealed the tubular epithelial cell degeneration containing hematoxylin-positive fine granules on light microscopy, and electron-dense inclusions in the swollen mitochondria on electron microscopy. These findings localized mainly in distal segment of the tubules. In the rats given GeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt; orally for 10 weeks, similar histological lesions were evident, as manifested by marked weight loss, anemia, azotemia, and negative proteinuria. In the rats given carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide, these changes were not observed and Ge concentration of kidney was significantly lower than in the rats given GeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;. The present study indicates that chronic GeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt; intake causes progressive renal dysfunction characterized by the degeneration of distal tubules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000185810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,11]],"date-time":"2008-12-11T09:35:10Z","timestamp":1228988110000},"page":"53-60","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Germanium Dioxide-Induced Nephropathy: A New Type of Renal Disease"],"prefix":"10.1159","author":[{"given":"Toru","family":"Sanai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seiya","family":"Okuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaoru","family":"Onoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuaki","family":"Oochi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukinori","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazumasa","family":"Shimamatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Fujimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masatoshi","family":"Fujishima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,10]]},"container-title":["Nephron"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/185810","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/000185810","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:58:30Z","timestamp":1777658310000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000185810"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,10]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000185810","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-8151","2235-3186"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-8151","type":"print"},{"value":"2235-3186","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,10]]}}}