{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T02:10:16Z","timestamp":1777947016433,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,20]],"date-time":"2009-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1232409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,20]],"date-time":"2009-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1232409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Respiration"],"abstract":"Two methods for the efficacy evaluation of the respiratory tract clearance by cough, measuring the time of expectoration (T<sub>exp<\/sub>) of sputum mixed with hem-containing indicators after their inhalation were used in patients with bronchial obstruction. In the first method, the patients studied inhaled their own hemoglobin (Hb) and in the second one they inhaled a finely pulverized powder of hem-containing substances which were obtained from donor erythrocyte mass. 195 subjects were examined: 44 with intrinsic bronchial asthma (BA), 71 with obstructive bronchitis (OB) and 22 with purulent obstructive bronchitis (POB). Patients expectorating not less than 30 ml\/day of sputum were selected. The control group consisted of 18 patients with non-obstructive bronchitis (NOB) and 40 healthy volunteers, nonsmokers. The sputum for analysis after the inhalation of the indicator in healthy persons was collected during coughing stimulated by inhaling a hypertonic solution (15% NaCl + 1% NaHCO<sub>3<\/sub>). It was found that T<sub>exp<\/sub> depends on the form of illness (means \u00b1 SEM): (1) with Hb technique, BA: 41.5 \u00b1 3.4 h; OB: 59.3 \u00b1 5.7 h and POB: 128.8 \u00b1 15.3 h and (2) with the powdered indicator technique, BA: 53.4 \u00b1 7.6 h; OB: 68.8 \u00b1 6.6 h and POB: 101.1 \u00b1 11.8 h. Control group: in patients with NOB, T<sub>exp<\/sub> measured with the Hb technique was 31.4 \u00b1 4.3 h and with the powdered indicator 30.0 \u00b1 10.3 h. In healthy volunteers, the presence of hem-containing substances in sputum after 36 h was not found. Correlation analysis of our data revealed the presence of a direct relationship between the pulmonary function impairment and the value of T<sub>exp <\/sub>only in the group of patients suffering from OB. A comparison of the efficacy of peroral and inhalation expectorants as shown by their influence on initial values of T<sub>exp<\/sub> was carried out. Expectoration efficacy amounted to (mean \u00b1 SEM): (1) peroral drugs: ambroxol 41.2 \u00b1 5.1%, bromhexine 37.9 \u00b1 8.6%, S-carboxymethylcysteine 30.4 \u00b1 7.6%, and (2) inhalation drugs: n-acetylcys-teine 55.3 \u00b1 5.3%, 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate 58.4 \u00b1 3.8% and sodium bicarbonate in a dry aerosol form 52.5 \u00b1 9.7%. The choice of the drug and the route of administration (peroral or inhalation) are determined by the degree of expectoration disturbances: first degree (T<sub>exp<\/sub> 36\u201348 h) can be compensated by peroral drugs; second degree (T<sub>exp<\/sub> 54\u201366 h) by inhalation drugs, and third degree (T<sub>exp<\/sub> 72 h and more) are decompensated and require the use of active bronchial toilet methods, such as bronchoscopy, or an increased number of daily drug inhalations<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000195947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,21]],"date-time":"2009-01-21T11:06:40Z","timestamp":1232536000000},"page":"287-293","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Expectoration Disturbances and Bronchial Obstruction"],"prefix":"10.1159","author":[{"given":"V.N.","family":"Solopov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.V.","family":"Lunichkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,20]]},"container-title":["Respiration"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/195947","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/000195947","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T21:26:25Z","timestamp":1777757185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000195947"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,20]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000195947","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7931","1423-0356"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7931","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0356","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,20]]}}}