{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T03:47:36Z","timestamp":1777866456104,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,5]],"date-time":"2009-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,5]],"date-time":"2009-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Digestion"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Duodenal ulcer is regarded as the end result of alterations in which Helicobacter pylori (HP) plays a major role as a pathogenetic agent. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate duodenal ulcer risk factors such as alcohol intake, smoking, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, age and sex in relation to HP colonization density. Patients and Methods. 495 patients consecutively examined by diagnostic upper digestive endoscopy were assessed; none of them had had previous upper digestive endoscopy or peptic ulcer, recent antiulcer-antibiotic treatment, upper gastrointestinal surgery, or cancer. The HP colonization on antral bioptic specimens was graded semi-quantitatively as follows: HP--(absence of HP); HP+-- (focal presence of small amounts of HP); HP++- (intermediate situation between HP+-- and HP+ + +), and HP+ + + (diffuse presence of large amounts of HP). Results: Logistic regression analysis identified only male sex (odds ratio 1.88, p &lt; 0.02), smoking more than 10 cigarettes\/day (odds ratio 2.53, p &lt; 0.01), and HP grade (HP+-- odds ratio 0.79, p = NS; HP+ + \u2013 odds ratio 2.42, p &lt; 0.02; HP+ + + odds ratio 3.66, p &lt; 0.001) as independent risk factors of duodenal ulcer. Conclusion: The duodenal ulcer risk was found to correlate with HP density, male sex, and smoking, but not with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000201446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,7]],"date-time":"2009-02-07T01:50:30Z","timestamp":1233971430000},"page":"211-217","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Antral Mucosal Helicobacter pylori Infection Density as a Risk Factor of Duodenal Ulcer"],"prefix":"10.1159","author":[{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Talamini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Zamboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Cavallini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,5]]},"container-title":["Digestion"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/201446","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/000201446","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T08:43:15Z","timestamp":1777538595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000201446"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,5]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000201446","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-2823","1421-9867"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-2823","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9867","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,5]]}}}