{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T18:12:38Z","timestamp":1777745558402,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,18]],"date-time":"2009-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1234915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,18]],"date-time":"2009-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1234915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Haematol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We analyzed the production and expression of three colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) in neonates to clarify the mechanism of leukocytosis at birth. Serial blood samples (n = 23) were collected from mothers, cord blood, and from newborn infants on days 1,5, and 30 after birth. The serum levels of granulo-cyte-CSF (G-CSF), granulocyte\/macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF) and macro-phage-CSF (M-CSF) were measured by ELISA. The G-CSF levels on day 1 after birth were significantly higher than those thereafter, and they were also higher in the mothers than those on days 5 and 30 after birth. The GM-CSF levels did not change significantly during the neonatal period. The serum M-CSF levels were higher on postnatal day 1 than at other times, and gradually decreased thereafter. To confirm the production sites of G-CSF and M-CSF, the mRNA for these CSFs in peripheral mononuclear cells (MNCs) from healthy adults, mothers, and cord blood were analyzed by PCR. The expression of G-CSF and GM-CSF mRNA was undetectable in MNCs from adults, mothers, and cord blood, while these cells expressed low levels of M-CSF mRNA. After stimulation with lipopolysaccharide or phorbol myristate acetate, the MNCs expressed high levels of G-CSF and GM-CSF mRNA. The levels of G-CSF PCR products in cord MNCs were lower than those in adult and maternal MNCs. The expression of M-CSF mRNA was virtually unchanged by stimulation. To detect the localization of G-CSF and M-CSF in the placenta and umbilical cord, these tissues were immunocytochemically stained with anti-G-CSF and anti-M-CSF antibodies. G-CSF and M-CSF were expressed in trophoblasts and decidual stromal cells, whereas the umbilical cord did not express these CSFs. Moreover, large amounts of G-CSF and M-CSF were detected in the supernatant of cultured trophoblasts and decidual stromal cells. The expression of G-CSF and M-CSF in these cells was confirmed by PCR. These findings suggested that G-CSF and M-CSF produced in the placenta (trophoblasts and decidual stromal cells) are the major factors that induce leukocytosis in newborn infants at birth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000203966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,18]],"date-time":"2009-02-18T15:14:43Z","timestamp":1234970083000},"page":"23-31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Production and Expression of Granulocyte- and Macrophage-Colony-Stimulating Factors in Newborns: Their Roles in Leukocytosis at Birth"],"prefix":"10.1159","author":[{"given":"Eiichi","family":"Ishii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatsuo","family":"Masuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideto","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kohji","family":"Irie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Nomiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Motoyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumio","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,18]]},"container-title":["Acta Haematologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/203966","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/000203966","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:41:00Z","timestamp":1777462860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000203966"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,18]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000203966","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-5792","1421-9662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-5792","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,18]]}}}