{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T08:23:54Z","timestamp":1759047834647,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"Suppl. 1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Arch Allergy Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;\/i&gt; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b3 (PPAR\u03b3) is a nuclear receptor that regulates not only adipogenesis but also immune reaction. We previously demonstrated that human eosinophils expressed functional PPAR\u03b3, although the modulator of PPAR\u03b3 expression is less well understood. Because clinical studies have shown that the efficacy of PPAR\u03b3 agonists as insulin sensitizers is stronger in women than in men, we investigated whether sex hormones caused any changes in eosinophil PPAR\u03b3 expression levels. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;\/i&gt; First, purified human peripheral blood eosinophils were cultured with 17\u03b2-estradiol for 24 h, followed by PPAR\u03b3 measurement using a flow cytometer. Next, eosinophil PPAR\u03b3 expression and serum estradiol were studied in 10 healthy women during the menstrual and follicular phases to identify the physiological significance of estradiol. Eosinophil PPAR\u03b3 expression was also compared in 22 men, 21 non-pregnant women, and 15 pregnant women. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt; We observed that PPAR\u03b3 protein expression in eosinophils was significantly enhanced by 10&lt;sup&gt;\u20136&lt;\/sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;M&lt;\/i&gt; 17\u03b2-estradiol. Although serum estradiol concentration was increased during the follicular phase, PPAR\u03b3 expression levels were not affected by the menstrual cycle. In addition, no significant differences in PPAR\u03b3 expression were observed in terms of sex and pregnancy. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;\/i&gt; These findings suggest that estradiol potentially upregulates eosinophil PPAR\u03b3 expression in vitro, although some other mechanisms might be involved in its regulation in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000210654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]],"date-time":"2009-06-02T12:42:59Z","timestamp":1243946579000},"page":"51-56","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Regulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-\u03b3 Expression in Human Eosinophils by 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