{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T04:47:28Z","timestamp":1745470048973,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intervirology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]},"abstract":"<i>Objective:<\/i><i>WZhet <\/i>is a rearranged and partially deleted form of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome in which the <i>BamH1W<\/i> region becomes juxtaposed with and activates <i>BZLF1<\/i>, resulting in constitutive viral replication. We tested whether <i>WZhet<\/i> induces viral replication in epithelial cells, and we studied its prevalence in a wide range of lesional tissues arising in vivo. <i>Methods:<\/i> A quantitative real-time PCR assay targeting EBV <i>WZhet<\/i> DNA was developed to measure this recombinant form of the EBV genome. <i>Results:<\/i><i>WZhet <\/i>DNA was undetectable in any of 324 plasma or paraffin-embedded tissue samples from patients with EBV-associated and EBV-negative disorders. These included specimens from patients with Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma, post-transplant lymphoproliferation, nasopharyngeal or gastric adenocarcinoma, and infectious mononucleosis. However, <i>WZhet<\/i> DNA was detected in vitro in EBV-infected AGS gastric cancer cells. Additionally, transient transfection of infected AGS gastric cancer cells showed that viral replication could be induced by a <i>WZhet <\/i>plasmid. <i>Conclusion:<\/i> This is the first evidence that <i>WZhet<\/i> induces the EBV lytic cycle in an epithelial cell line. Our negative findings in natural settings suggest that <i>WZhet<\/i> is a defective viral product that thrives in the absence of a host immune system but is rarely present in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000210833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T13:52:14Z","timestamp":1239025934000},"page":"8-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Epstein-Barr Virus <i>WZhet<\/i> DNA Can Induce Lytic Replication in Epithelial Cells in vitro, although <i>WZhet<\/i> Is Not Detectable in Many Human Tissues in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Julie L.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra H.","family":"Elmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon C.","family":"Kenney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane C.","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret L.","family":"Gulley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038%2F35095584"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097%2F00019606-200112000-00008"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fpath.1141"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111%2Fj.1699-0463.1994.tb05196.x"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097%2F01.MP.0000024147.43288.B1"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073%2Fpnas.82.12.4085"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073%2Fpnas.85.24.9801"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164%2Frccm.2103058"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038%2F295160a0"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073%2Fpnas.80.9.2762"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086%2F517427"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097%2F00019606-200406000-00001"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128%2FJVI.78.10.4983-4992.2004"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128%2FJVI.78.1.544-549.2004"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073%2Fpnas.232381299"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086%2F378808"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007%2Fs00705-004-0431-7"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053%2Frmed.2003.1398"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fjmv.1890200405"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0215%2819981023%2979%3A5%3C481%3A%3AAID-IJC6%3E3.0.CO%3B2-X"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2F1097-0142%2819941101%2974%3A9%3C2414%3A%3AAID-CNCR2820740905%3E3.0.CO%3B2-8"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006%2Fviro.1993.1070"}],"container-title":["Intervirology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/210833","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/210833","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T22:54:00Z","timestamp":1745448840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000210833"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000210833","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5526","1423-0100"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0300-5526"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1423-0100"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}}}