{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T22:22:01Z","timestamp":1790461321518,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intervirology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]},"abstract":"<i>Objective:<\/i> To investigate the immune responses elicited by pJME with or without various forms of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene. <i>Methods:<\/i> The changes of the T lymphocyte subsets and the levels of Th cell intracellular cytokines IFN-\u03b3 and IL-4 were evaluated by flow cytometric analysis. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte kill activity was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase activity release test. An 80% plaque reduction neutralization test was performed to titrate the neutralization antibody before and after viral challenge. <i>Results:<\/i> We demonstrated that simultaneous administration of pJME plus plasmid-ecoded GM-CSF (pGM-CSF) activated Th1 immune responses similar to those found by injecting pGM-CSF i.m. into mice 3 days before pJME vaccination, and enhancement of Th2 immunity predominated when the pGM-CSF was injected 3 days after pJME vaccination. Furthermore, the immunization with DNA vaccine encoding precursor membrane envelope\/GM-CSF fusion protein was more effective in generating immune responses than that induced by immunization with pJME alone or in combination with pGM-CSF. <i>Conclusions:<\/i> These observations support the potential of GM-CSF DNA adjuvant for the Th1\/Th2 balance and the enhancement of immune responses by showing that the timing of the administration of pGM-CSF and the application of different forms of GM-CSF gene influence the outcome of the resultant immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000224643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,10]],"date-time":"2009-06-10T17:42:04Z","timestamp":1244655724000},"page":"152-163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Intramuscular Immunization with a Plasmid DNA Vaccine Encoding prM-E Protein from Japanese Encephalitis Virus: Enhanced Immunogenicity by Co-Administration of GM-CSF Gene and Genetic Fusions of prM-E Protein and GM-CSF"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Yong-zhen","family":"Zhai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi-mei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo-he","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126%2Fscience.8456302"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038%2Fnm0597-526"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159%2F000024971"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038%2Fnm0896-888"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fcncr.11462"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0065-3527%2803%2961012-2"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128%2FJVI.77.7.4248-4260.2003"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0264-410X%2801%2900492-3"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Feji.1830250213"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-4141%28199806%2928%3A06%3C1832%3A%3AAID-IMMU1832%3E3.0.CO%3B2-J"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0264-410X%2898%2900333-8"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038%2F362755a0"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0264-410X%2897%2900088-1"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2004.08.043"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159%2F000097395"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084%2Fjem.177.5.1505"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007%2FBF00870267"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS1074-7613%2895%2980001-8"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2F%28SICI%291521-4141%28199811%2928%3A11%3C3530%3A%3AAID-IMMU3530%3E3.0.CO%3B2-C"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084%2Fjem.20032220"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074%2Fjbc.274.27.19087"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0215%2819990118%2980%3A2%3C219%3A%3AAID-IJC10%3E3.0.CO%3B2-S"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038%2Fnm0398-321"}],"container-title":["Intervirology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/224643","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/224643","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T22:45:52Z","timestamp":1745448352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000224643"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000224643","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5526","1423-0100"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5526","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0100","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}}}