{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T04:37:21Z","timestamp":1745469441311,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"Suppl. 1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]],"date-time":"2010-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]],"date-time":"2010-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Arch Allergy Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;\/i&gt; Recent studies suggest that probiotics alleviate pathophysiological processes of allergic diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases, whereas \u2018non-probiotic\u2019 microflora has negative effects. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well known, especially in relation to eosinophils, the major effector cells of these inflammatory diseases. &lt;i&gt;Objective:&lt;\/i&gt; To investigate the effects of probiotic &lt;i&gt;Bifidobacterium bifidum &lt;\/i&gt;(BB) on human eosinophil functions compared with pathogenic &lt;i&gt;Clostridium difficile &lt;\/i&gt;(CD). &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;\/i&gt; Peripheral human eosinophils were cultured with heat-killed BB or CD. FISH-labeled CD and BB were incubated with eosinophils visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Superoxide generation and degranulation of eosinophils were measured with the cytochrome c reduction method and the eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) release assay, respectively. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt; Confocal microscopy revealed that Cy3-labeled CD and BB were apparently ingested by eosinophils. Both bacteria induced minimal superoxide generation. However, CD elicited significantly higher EDN release than BB. GM-CSF significantly enhanced EDN release by CD but not by BB. Bacterial-induced EDN release was calcium dependent. &lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;\/i&gt; The beneficial effect of probiotic BB might be explained, at least in part, by its ability to decrease EDN release from eosinophils compared with \u2018pathogenic\u2019 CD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000312131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,4]],"date-time":"2010-06-04T07:34:13Z","timestamp":1275636853000},"page":"83-89","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Differential Activation of Eosinophils by \u2018Probiotic\u2019 &lt;i&gt;Bifidobacterium bifidum&lt;\/i&gt; and \u2018Pathogenic\u2019 &lt;i&gt;Clostridium difficile&lt;\/i&gt;"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Koa","family":"Hosoki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mizuho","family":"Nagao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Hiraguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reiko","family":"Tokuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideo","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Nobori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takao","family":"Fujisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1301%2Fnr.2003.marr.91-99"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fibd.20525"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111%2Fj.1365-2222.2007.02676.x"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046%2Fj.1365-2222.1999.00560.x"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111%2Fj.1365-2222.2005.02315.x"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111%2Fj.1365-2222.2005.02259.x"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067%2Fmai.2003.105"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067%2Fmai.2001.118130"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067%2Fmai.2001.115754"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067%2Fmai.2001.111237"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2007.04.027"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2007.10.043"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fibd.20465"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017%2FS0029665107005563"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111%2Fj.1572-0241.2007.01780.x"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.cgh.2006.12.028"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.cgh.2006.12.027"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748%2Fwjg.14.2794"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.bpg.2007.12.001"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097%2F00004836-200302000-00006"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046%2Fj.1365-2222.1999.00666.x"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111%2Fj.1365-2222.1996.tb00078.x"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0002-9270%2803%2900259-4"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097%2F00005176-198406000-00011"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2003.10.047"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248%2Fbpb.25.184"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0091-6749%2896%2970161-6"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067%2Fmai.2000.108311"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0091-6749%2899%2970199-5"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0091-6749%2897%2970227-6"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034%2Fj.1399-3038.2002.01027.x"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023%2FA%3A1018843104511"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080%2F00365510701452838"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111%2Fj.1572-0241.1999.01223.x"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065%2F72.2.117"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152%2Fajpgi.00015.2005"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.jpeds.2008.12.039"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073%2Fpnas.95.11.6273"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097%2F01.mog.0000245530.35518.3e"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073%2Fpnas.97.12.6681"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023%2FA%3A1018886423475"}],"container-title":["International 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