{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T08:40:59Z","timestamp":1792226459343,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]],"date-time":"2010-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1288569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]],"date-time":"2010-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1288569600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Digestion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of obesity has dramatically increased in recent years. Consequently, obesity and associated disorders such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) constitute a serious threat. Therefore, the contribution of visceral adipose tissue to metabolic homeostasis has become a focus of interest. Visceral adipose tissue secretes free fatty acids (FFAs) and hormones, known as adipokines, and thus seems to play a major role in the development of NAFLD. Apoptotic cell death is a prominent feature in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Indeed, toxic FFAs can activate the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in hepatocytes via c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). JNK activates the proapoptotic protein Bim, resulting in Bax activation and enhanced apoptosis, termed \u2018lipoapoptosis\u2019. Reduced adiponectin levels may establish a proinflammatory milieu, thus increasing vulnerability to lipotoxicity, which promotes progression from simple steatosis to NASH and even advanced hepatic fibrosis. Moreover, obesity seems to be a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma, the most frequent liver cancer subtype. Even in acute liver failure, a high body mass index is associated with poor outcome, and recent data suggest a major role of obesity in the progression of chronic hepatitis C and B. This review summarizes current knowledge \u2013 highlighting the inflammatory and cytokine view \u2013 of the intimate relationship between adipose and liver tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000318741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]],"date-time":"2010-11-01T08:04:05Z","timestamp":1288598645000},"page":"124-133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":175,"title":["Obesity Affects the Liver \u2013 The Link between Adipocytes and Hepatocytes"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Wree","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisan","family":"Kahraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Gerken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Canbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056%2FNEJM200203143461112"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172%2FJCI29024"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105%2FAJPH.90.10.1562"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.tem.2005.11.008"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146%2Fannurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095843"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174%2F1389450043490523"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fjc.2004-0395"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2F0168-9525%2893%2990113-V"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111%2Fj.0105-2896.2004.0130.x"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126%2Fscience.290.5489.134"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.devcel.2004.07.005"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038%2Fnature05485"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172%2FJCI200525102"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172%2FJCI29069"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.jhep.2004.08.020"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fhep.20734"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055%2Fs-0028-1091978"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0016-5085%2899%2970506-8"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172%2FJCI200523621"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055%2Fs-2006-927368"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007%2Fs11010-005-9034-1"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0163-7827%2899%2900018-1"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS1043-2760%2801%2900427-1"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2FS0016-5085%2803%2900907-7"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055%2Fs-0028-1091980"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136%2Fgut.2006.118059"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fhep.20999"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053%2Fjhep.2001.29628"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fhep.20283"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677%2FJOE-07-0234"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097%2F00000441-200108000-00005"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111%2Fj.1572-0241.2000.03297.x"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053%2Fjhep.2002.34738"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111%2Fj.1572-0241.2003.08767.x"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fhep.20280"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fjc.2004-2240"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007%2Fs00125-004-1460-1"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fjc.2007-0187"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172%2FJCI200317797"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2003.08.029"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210%2Fjc.2005-1056"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152%2Fajpendo.00017.2006"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1381%2F096089206778392149"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353%2Fajpath.2006.060081"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111%2Fj.1365-2036.2007.03586.x"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007%2Fs10620-008-0539-9"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fhep.23046"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2119%2F2008-00058.Rabe"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017%2FS0029665108006976"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093%2Fjnci%2F93.11.824"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002%2Fhep.510290347"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2004.09.021"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016%2Fj.annepidem.2007.05.013"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"pub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