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Recent evidence also suggests that increased cardiovascular risk may persist even after long-term remission of CS. Increased central obesity, a typical feature of CS, is associated with altered production of adipokines, which contributes to the pathogenesis of several metabolic and cardiovascular complications observed in this condition. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown a relationship between cortisol and adipokines in several experimental settings. In patients with either active or \u2018cured\u2019 CS, an increase in leptin and resistin levels as well as the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and interleukin-6, may be associated with increased cardiovascular risk. For other adipokines, including adiponectin, results are inconclusive. 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