{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T23:55:43Z","timestamp":1788652543612,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neonatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>When bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) was first described in 1967, the use of assisted ventilation in neonates was in its infancy. High concentrations of oxygen were implicated, and BPD was equated with \u2018pulmonary oxygen toxicity\u2019. The etiologic role of not only oxygen but also peak inspiratory pressures and the duration of exposure to both was emphasized in the 1970s, but BPD remained a dreaded complication of managing respiratory distress syndrome in the 1980s. It was only after exogenous surfactant became commercially available for endotracheal administration that \u2018classical\u2019 BPD began to disappear and was replaced by the \u2018new\u2019 BPD. \u2018Classical\u2019 BPD was seen in more mature preterm infants (&gt;28 weeks\u2019 gestational age) and in its severe form was characterized radiographically by micro- and macrocysts of the lung, lung hyperinflation and flattening of the diaphragms. In contrast, \u2018new\u2019 BPD is seen in less mature infants (&lt;28 weeks\u2019 gestational age), has comparatively mild radiographic abnormalities and has been defined as continued oxygen requirement at 36 weeks\u2019 postmenstrual age. Pathologically, \u2018classical\u2019 BPD frequently revealed obstructive bronchiolitis and fibrosis of lung parenchyma, whereas \u2018new\u2019 BPD demonstrates minimal fibrosis but uniform arrest of development. Herein, factors which may contribute to the etiology of BPD are described, as well as possible preventative and therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000336030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,20]],"date-time":"2012-02-20T16:03:32Z","timestamp":1329753812000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Then and Now"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Alistair 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