{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T07:30:41Z","timestamp":1780990241843,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,2]],"date-time":"2012-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,2]],"date-time":"2012-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Haematol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background\/Aims:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Adding granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) may improve the response to antifungal therapy in immunosuppressed patients with invasive fungal disease (IFD). &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; We retrospectively assessed 66 patients in whom GM-CSF was given during antifungal therapy. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Severe neutropenia (77%) and refractory\/relapsed cancer (65%) were common in the group. Prior to GM-CSF therapy, 15% of patients received high-dose corticosteroids for a median of 30 \u00b1 16 days [median cumulative dose (c.d.) 1,184 \u00b1 1,019 mg], and 9 received steroids during GM-CSF therapy for a median of 16 \u00b1 12 days (median c.d. 230 \u00b1 1,314 mg). Mild toxic effects were noted in 9% of patients; there were no cases of cardiopulmonary toxicity. All-cause deaths were observed in 68% of patients and 48% died of progressive IFD. High-dose corticosteroids prior to GM-CSF (OR 24; 95% CI 2.21\u2013264.9; p \u2264 0.009), GM-CSF started in the intensive care unit (OR 10; 95% CI 1.66\u201363.8; p \u2264 0.01), concurrent granulocyte transfusions (OR 5; 95% CI 1.27\u201316.8; p \u2264 0.02) and proven\/probable IFD (OR 4; 95% CI 1\u201316.2; p \u2264 0.05) predicted antifungal treatment failure. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; GM-CSF adjuvant therapy was tolerated without serous toxicity and antifungal treatment failure remained a challenge in patients treated with high-dose systemic corticosteroids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000342121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,2]],"date-time":"2012-10-02T07:02:10Z","timestamp":1349161330000},"page":"26-34","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in 66 Patients with Myeloid or Lymphoid Neoplasms and Recipients of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation with Invasive Fungal Disease"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"Amar","family":"Safdar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilhen","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Zuniga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadi","family":"Al 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