{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:51:53Z","timestamp":1792191113848,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,30]],"date-time":"2013-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,30]],"date-time":"2013-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383091200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Innate Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We have recently shown that BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin) vaccination in healthy volunteers induces epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes, leading to increased cytokine production in response to nonrelated pathogens for up to 3 months after vaccination. This phenomenon was named \u2018trained immunity'. In the present study we assessed whether BCG was able to induce long-lasting effects on both trained immunity and heterologous T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 immune responses 1 year after vaccination. The production of TNF\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 to mycobacteria or unrelated pathogens was higher after 2 weeks and 3 months postvaccination, but these effects were less pronounced 1 year after vaccination. However, monocytes recovered 1 year after vaccination had an increased expression of pattern recognition receptors such as CD14, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and mannose receptor, and this correlated with an increase in proinflammatory cytokine production after stimulation with the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide. The heterologous production of Th1 (IFN-&amp;#947;) and Th17 (IL-17 and IL-22) immune responses to nonmycobacterial stimulation remained strongly elevated even 1 year after BCG vaccination. In conclusion, BCG induces sustained changes in the immune system associated with a nonspecific response to infections both at the level of innate trained immunity and at the level of heterologous Th1\/Th17 responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000355628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,30]],"date-time":"2013-10-30T05:59:47Z","timestamp":1383112787000},"page":"152-158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":570,"title":["Long-Lasting Effects of BCG Vaccination on Both Heterologous Th1\/Th17 Responses and Innate Trained 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