{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T04:34:06Z","timestamp":1745469246421,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Nutr Metab"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Estimated effects of breast-feeding on childhood health vary between studies, possibly due to confounding by baseline maternal and child characteristics. Possible time-dependent confounding has received little consideration. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of such confounding. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; We estimated the relationship between cumulative exclusive breast-feeding up to 6 months and wheezing, rash and body mass index (BMI) at 12 months [in the Whistler cohort (n = 494) and PROBIT (n = 11,463)], and wheezing, rash, asthma, hay fever, eczema, allergy and BMI at age 6.5 years (PROBIT). We adjusted for time-dependent confounding by weight, length, rash, respiratory illness and day care attendance using marginal structural models (MSMs). &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Weight and day care attendance appeared potential time-dependent confounders, since these predicted breast-feeding status and were influenced by previous breast-feeding. However, adjustment for time-dependent confounders did not markedly change the estimated associations. For example, in PROBIT the adjusted increase in BMI at 12 months per 1-month increase in exclusive breast-feeding was 0.04 (95% CI -0.09 to 0.01) using logistic regression and -0.06 (95% CI -0.11 to -0.01) using MSM. In Whistler, these estimates were each -0.05 (95% CI -0.10 to 0.00). &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; In two cohort studies, there was little evidence of time-dependent confounding by weight, length, rash, respiratory illness or day care attendance of the effects of breast-feeding on early childhood health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000357020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]],"date-time":"2014-11-18T07:29:44Z","timestamp":1416295784000},"page":"139-148","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Breast-Feeding and Health Consequences in Early Childhood: Is There an Impact of Time-Dependent Confounding"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"R.H.H.","family":"Groenwold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Tilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.G.M.","family":"Moons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.W.","family":"Hoes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.K.","family":"van der Ent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.S.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.M.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.A.C.","family":"Sterne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39304.464016.AE"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.01.051"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.094938"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11025-7"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.01.026"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.4.413"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09049.x"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28021"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2009.00982.x"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.2.343"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq499"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq495"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1284-3_2"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00011"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/jasa.2009.0011"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/79.2.321"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-0255(86)90088-6"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp192"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn164"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00012"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:EJEP.0000040530.98310.0c"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040352"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm165"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.12.008"}],"container-title":["Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/357020","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/357020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T18:23:51Z","timestamp":1745432631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000357020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000357020","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0250-6807","1421-9697"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0250-6807"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1421-9697"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}}}