{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T16:38:33Z","timestamp":1775061513405,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]],"date-time":"2014-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]],"date-time":"2014-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399334400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuroimmunomodulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; The parasympathetic nervous system modulates the immune response in the abdominal-pelvic gut through the vagus nerve, which releases acetylcholine. This endogenous ligand acts on a7 nicotinic receptors expressed on immune cells. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Objective:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; To study the mechanism of the production and regulation of cytokines in parasympathectomized and control hamsters during the development of amoebic liver abscesses (ALA) caused by &lt;i&gt;Entamoeba histolytica.&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methodology:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Six- to 8-week-old male hamsters with and without vagotomy were used in a model of ALA. The animals were infected with trophozoites (350,000; HM1:IMSS strain) via the intrahepatic route and sacrificed at 6, 12, and 24 h and at 2, 4, and 7 days postinfection. Immune parameters were recorded at each time point using morphometric techniques including immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry assays. These parameters included signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) levels, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, and nuclear factor-&amp;#947;B (NF&amp;#947;B) activation in neutrophils and macrophages. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Compared to the control groups, the vagotomized (VAG) hamsters showed a significant increase in NF&amp;#947;B activation in neutrophils and macrophages, and higher levels of interleukin (IL)-1\u00df, IL-6, interferon-&amp;#947;, and tumor necrosis factor-a. VAG hamsters showed an increase in the expression of IL-8 and phosphorylated STAT3 during the first 24 h postinfection as well as slightly increased levels of transforming growth factor-\u00df on days 2-7 postinfection. No significant differences were demonstrated in the levels of IL-10. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; These results suggest that the vagus nerve plays an important role in the regulation of inflammation during ALA formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000362240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,14]],"date-time":"2015-01-14T07:46:22Z","timestamp":1421221582000},"page":"166-180","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Vagotomy Induces Deregulation of the Inflammatory Response during the Development of Amoebic Liver Abscess in 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