{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:32:48Z","timestamp":1792035168879,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was developed as a screening instrument for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We evaluated the MoCA's test performance by educational groups among older Singaporean Chinese adults. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Method:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; The MoCA and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were evaluated in two independent studies (clinic-based sample and community-based sample) of MCI and normal cognition (NC) controls, using receiver operating characteristic curve analyses: area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity (Sn), and specificity (Sp). &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; The MoCA modestly discriminated MCI from NC in both study samples (AUC = 0.63 and 0.65): Sn = 0.64 and Sp = 0.36 at a cut-off of 28\/29 in the clinic-based sample, and Sn = 0.65 and Sp = 0.55 at a cut-off of 22\/23 in the community-based sample. The MoCA's test performance was least satisfactory in the highest (&gt;6 years) education group: AUC = 0.50 (p = 0.98), Sn = 0.54, and Sp = 0.51 at a cut-off of 27\/28. Overall, the MoCA's test performance was not better than that of the MMSE. In multivariate analyses controlling for age and gender, MCI diagnosis was associated with a &lt;1-point decrement in MoCA score (&amp;#x03B7;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;\/sup&gt; = 0.010), but lower (1-6 years) and no education was associated with a 3- to 5-point decrement (&amp;#x03B7;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;\/sup&gt; = 0.115 and &amp;#x03B7;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;\/sup&gt; = 0.162, respectively). &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; The MoCA's ability to discriminate MCI from NC was modest in this Chinese population, because it was far more sensitive to the effect of education than MCI diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000368827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,5]],"date-time":"2015-01-05T15:49:38Z","timestamp":1420472978000},"page":"176-185","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Montreal Cognitive Assessment for Screening Mild Cognitive Impairment: Variations in Test Performance and Scores by Education in Singapore"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9585-855X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tze Pin","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wee Shiong","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9324-5901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei Sian","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tih Shih","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keng 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