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Karger AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropsychobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Many young females take exogenous hormones as oral contraceptive (OC), a condition rarely controlled for in studies on sleep and memory consolidation even though sex hormones influence consolidation. This study investigated the effects of OCs on sleep-related consolidation of a motor and declarative task, utilizing a daytime nap protocol. Fifteen healthy, young females taking OCs came to the sleep lab for three different conditions: nap with previous learning, wake with previous learning and nap without learning. They underwent each condition twice, once during the \u2018pill-active' weeks and once during the \u2018pill-free' week, resulting in 6 visits. In all conditions, participants showed a significant off-line consolidation effect, independent of pill week or nap\/wake condition. There were no significant differences in sleep stage duration, spindle activity or spectral EEG frequency bands between naps with or without the learning condition. The present data showed a significant off-line enhancement in memory irrespective of potential beneficial effects of a nap. In comparison to previous studies, this may suggest that the use of OCs may enhance off-line memory consolidation in motor and verbal tasks per se. These results stress the importance to control for the use of OCs in studies focusing on memory performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000369022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,17]],"date-time":"2015-06-17T12:10:37Z","timestamp":1434543037000},"page":"253-261","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Diminished Nap Effects on Memory Consolidation Are Seen Under Oral Contraceptive 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