{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T09:21:48Z","timestamp":1770283308117,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuroendocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; The neuropeptide RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3; mammalian ortholog to gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone) can inhibit luteinizing hormone (LH) release and increases feeding, but the regulation and development of RFRP-3 neurons remains poorly characterized, especially in mice. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods and Results:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; We first confirmed that peripheral injections of murine RFRP-3 peptide could markedly suppress LH secretion in adult mice, as in other species. Second, given RFRP-3's reported orexigenic properties, we performed double-label in situ hybridization for metabolic genes in &lt;i&gt;Rfrp&lt;\/i&gt; neurons of mice. While &lt;i&gt;Rfrp&lt;\/i&gt; neurons did not readily coexpress neuropeptide Y, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, or MC4R, a small subset of &lt;i&gt;Rfrp&lt;\/i&gt; neurons did express the leptin receptor in both sexes. Surprisingly, we identified no changes in &lt;i&gt;Rfrp&lt;\/i&gt; expression or neuronal activation in adult mice after acute fasting. However, we determined that &lt;i&gt;Rfrp&lt;\/i&gt; mRNA levels in the dorsal-medial nucleus were significantly reduced in adult obese (Ob) mice of both sexes. Given the lower &lt;i&gt;Rfrp&lt;\/i&gt; levels observed in adult Ob mice, we asked whether leptin might also regulate RFRP-3 neuron development. &lt;i&gt;Rfrp&lt;\/i&gt; gene expression changed markedly over juvenile development, correlating with the timing of the juvenile \u2018leptin surge' known to govern hypothalamic feeding circuit development. However, the dramatic developmental changes in juvenile &lt;i&gt;Rfrp&lt;\/i&gt; expression did not appear to be leptin driven, as the pattern and timing of &lt;i&gt;Rfrp&lt;\/i&gt; neuron development were unaltered in Ob juveniles. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Leptin status modulates RFRP-3 expression in adulthood, but is not required for normal development of the RFRP-3 system. Leptin's regulation of adult RFRP-3 neurons likely occurs primarily via indirect signaling, and may be secondary to obesity, as only a small subset of RFRP-3 neurons express the long form of the leptin receptor (LepRb).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000369276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,4]],"date-time":"2014-11-04T07:26:16Z","timestamp":1415085976000},"page":"317-333","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Examination of the Influence of Leptin and Acute Metabolic Challenge on RFRP-3 Neurons of Mice in Development and Adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Poling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morris 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