{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T18:09:15Z","timestamp":1779041355286,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,5]],"date-time":"2014-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,5]],"date-time":"2014-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417737600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Princ Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Objective:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; The aim of this study was to compare the levels of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in normal pregnancies and pregnancies with complications. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cells from women with a recurrent spontaneous miscarriage (n = 35), premature rupture of fetal membranes (n = 30), preeclampsia (n = 27) and intrauterine fetal growth retardation (IUGR; n = 36) were stimulated with mitogen or antigen, and the levels of TNF-\u03b1 produced were compared to those produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a normal pregnancy (n = 35). &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; The median levels of mitogen-induced TNF-\u03b1 at the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester, and at normal delivery were 1,176.4, 4,320.9, 7,307.4 and 2,463.0 pg\/ml, respectively, while those produced in the recurrent spontaneous miscarriage, premature rupture of membranes and preeclampsia cases were 4,159.8, 3,489.5 and 4,149.2 pg\/ml, respectively. The differences were statistically significantly higher in these pregnancy complications (p = 0.04, 0.024 and 0.014) as compared to the levels in normal pregnancy. Furthermore, antigen-induced TNF-\u03b1 levels were produced at statistically significantly higher levels by women with IUGR (120.4 pg\/ml) compared to women with normal pregnancies (17.9 pg\/ml; p = 0.041). &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Higher levels of TNF-\u03b1 seem to play a role in these pregnancy complications, suggesting its pathogenesis in such conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000369363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,5]],"date-time":"2014-12-05T07:30:47Z","timestamp":1417764647000},"page":"165-170","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 and Pregnancy Complications: A Prospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Fawaz Y.","family":"Azizieh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raj G.","family":"Raghupathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,5]]},"container-title":["Medical Principles and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/369363","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/369363","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/369363","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T18:01:08Z","timestamp":1745431268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000369363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,5]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000369363","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1011-7571","1423-0151"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1011-7571","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0151","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,5]]}}}