{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:10:42Z","timestamp":1777633842422,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chemotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<b><i>Background:<\/i><\/b><i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i> is one of the most important human fungal pathogens. Its cells contain rich microtubules required for nuclear division and rich F-actin cytoskeletons for cell division. Disruption of microtubules by a microtubule inhibitor should block nuclear division, and disruption of F-actin by an actin inhibitor should block cell division. We investigated the effects of microtubule and actin inhibitors to find out whether the cytoskeletons of <i>C. neoformans<\/i> can become a new anti-fungal target for the inhibition of cell division, when examined at the ultrastructural level. <b><i>Methods:<\/i><\/b> Cells treated with the microtubule inhibitors vincristine (VIN) and methyl benzimidazole-2-ylcarbamate (BCM) and the actin inhibitor latrunculin A (LA), in yeast extract peptone dextrose medium, were examined by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the cell number was counted using a B\u00fcrker chamber. <b><i>Results:<\/i><\/b> After 2 days of inhibition with VIN, BCM or LA, the cells did not divide, but later, resistant, proliferating cells appeared in all samples. With combined microtubule and actin inhibitors (VIN + LA or BCM + LA), cells did not divide during 6 or even 14 days, and no resistant cells originated. TEM showed that the inhibited cells were without cytoplasm and were dead; only empty cell walls persisted with reduced capsules, shown on SEM. <b><i>Conclusion:<\/i><\/b> Combined microtubule and actin inhibitors (VIN + LA or BCM + LA), have lethal effects on <i>C. neoformans<\/i> cells and no resistant cells originate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000371413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,16]],"date-time":"2015-02-16T10:59:18Z","timestamp":1424084358000},"page":"99-106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of Microtubule and Actin Inhibitors on <b><i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i><\/b> Examined by Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Marie","family":"Kopeck\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.60.080805.142102"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/0171-9335-00157"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmicro\/dfs074"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3314\/jjmm.48.147"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02504.x"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8153622"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcl014"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.59.062906.071602"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00314-12"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00765-13"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000077276"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000224655"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-006-0186-y"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201100405"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000316330"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1317"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7046050"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(85)90154-0"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-141-4-891"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmicro\/dfp050"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmicro\/dfr073"}],"container-title":["Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/371413","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/371413","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/371413","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T18:12:44Z","timestamp":1745431964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000371413"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000371413","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-3157","1421-9794"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-3157","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9794","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}}}