{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T18:36:10Z","timestamp":1791138970818,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Physiol Biochem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Aim: The present study investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of individual and combined doses of idebenone, carnosine and vitamin E on ameliorating some of the biochemical indices of nano-sized titanium dioxide (n-TiO2) in mice liver. Methods: The in vitro cytotoxic effect of nano-sized anatase TiO2 (21 nm) on hepatic cell lines (HepG 2) was investigated. Additionally, n-TiO2 was orally administered (150 mg\/kg\/day) for 2 weeks, followed by a daily intragastric gavage of the aforementioned antioxidants for 1 month. Results: n-TiO2 induced significant cytotoxicity in hepatic cell lines and elevated the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hepatic total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and nitrite\/nitrate (NOx) levels. Meanwhile, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was significantly reduced. Moreover, RT-PCR and western blot analysis showed that n-TiO2 significantly altered the mRNA and protein expressions of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-\u03b21) and Smad-2, as well as vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF). Histopathological examination of hepatic tissue reinforced these results.Conclusion: Idebenone, carnosine and vitamin E ameliorated the deviated parameters with the combination regimen demonstrating the most pronounced effect. Oxidative stress, liver fibrosis and angiogenesis may be implicated in n-TiO2-induced liver toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000374041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,24]],"date-time":"2015-04-24T21:01:27Z","timestamp":1429909287000},"page":"2402-2411","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Potential Antifibrotic and Angiostatic Impact of Idebenone, Carnosine and Vitamin E in Nano-Sized Titanium Dioxide-Induced Liver Injury"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Samy A.","family":"Abdelazim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hebatallah A.","family":"Darwish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanaa A.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha Z.","family":"Rizk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai O.","family":"Kadry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,16]]},"container-title":["Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/374041","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/374041","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/374041","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T17:38:27Z","timestamp":1745429907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000374041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000374041","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1015-8987","1421-9778"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1015-8987","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9778","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}