{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:09:14Z","timestamp":1792084154944,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Purpose:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; This study explored the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatments of primary blepharospasm. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; In this retrospective analysis, 100 patients with blepharospasm were enrolled. Data were collected from medical records and face-to-face interviews with patients and their families. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; The age of onset was 56.4 \u00b1 2.7 (range, 32-76 years). The duration between onset and accurate diagnosis was 38.7 \u00b1 36.0 months (range, 2-120 months). Dry eyes occurred in 54% of the patients. The initial diagnostic accuracy was 10%. Dry eye syndrome, conjunctivitis\/keratitis and myasthenia gravis caused the most confusion in the differential diagnosis. Regular botulinum toxin type A injections improved both eyelid spasms and subjective ocular symptoms in all patients. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Regular botulinum toxin type A injections improved both eyelid spasms and subjective ocular symptoms in blepharospasm patients. The differentiation of primary blepharospasm differentiation from dry eye syndrome, conjunctivitis\/keratitis and myasthenia gravis must be improved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000381707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,28]],"date-time":"2015-05-28T21:20:18Z","timestamp":1432848018000},"page":"337-341","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Clinical Analysis of Patients with Primary Blepharospasm: A Report of 100 Cases in China"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Xiao-Feng","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai-Yue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhan-Hua","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong-Rong","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Na","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000327601.46315.85"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.01.028"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1988.79"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.6.767"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1275"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03161.x"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.068007"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.81.6.439"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.11.014"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20635"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24026"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23011"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12054"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21558"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22983"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23493"}],"container-title":["European Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/381707","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/381707","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Pdf\/381707","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T17:57:00Z","timestamp":1745431020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000381707"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5-6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000381707","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-3022","1421-9913"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-3022","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9913","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}