{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:51:49Z","timestamp":1787017909266,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Respiration"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Pneumococcal carriage in the nasopharynx is a primary means of transmission and a necessary prerequisite for pneumococcal disease. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Objectives:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; We analyzed the relationship between expressions of Foxp3+ regulatory T (T&lt;sub&gt;reg&lt;\/sub&gt;) cells and Th17 cells, and pneumococcal carriage in the adenoids of children who were either positive or negative for pneumococci. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; We collected adenoidal tissue and nasopharyngeal swab samples from children undergoing an adenoidectomy. Adenoidal mononuclear cells were isolated, cultured and then stimulated with culture concentrated supernatant (CCS) obtained from a D39 bacterial strain. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Foxp3+ T&lt;sub&gt;reg&lt;\/sub&gt; cells were upregulated and Th17 cells were downregulated in populations of adenoidal mononuclear cells obtained from the pneumococcus-positive group. Following CCS stimulation, the increment in Foxp3+ T&lt;sub&gt;reg&lt;\/sub&gt; cells in the pneumococcus-positive group was significantly greater than that in the pneumococcus-negative group, while the increment in Th17 cells was less as compared to that in the pneumococcus-negative group. These results were consistent with variations in levels of Foxp3 mRNA and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-&amp;#947;t mRNA in adenoidal mononuclear cells. Levels of IL-17A and IL-6 in adenoid tissue were higher in the pneumococcus-negative group, and the levels of TGF-\u03b2 in adenoid tissue were lower in the pneumococcus-negative group compared to the pneumococcus-positive group. Pneumococcal carriage in children was closely associated with the expressions of Foxp3+ T&lt;sub&gt;reg&lt;\/sub&gt; and Th17 cells in the adenoid. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Upregulation of Foxp3+ T&lt;sub&gt;reg&lt;\/sub&gt; cells might downregulate the production of Th17 cells in the adenoid, resulting in decreased scavenging of &lt;i&gt;Streptococcus pneumoniae&lt;\/i&gt; and chronic pneumococcal carriage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000381724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,30]],"date-time":"2015-04-30T17:01:18Z","timestamp":1430413278000},"page":"25-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Association of Pneumococcal Carriage and Expression of Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells and Th17 Cells in the Adenoids of 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