{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T01:38:50Z","timestamp":1792546730723,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,17]],"date-time":"2015-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,17]],"date-time":"2015-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434499200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Services\/SiteLicenses"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gerontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoporosis is a major cause of fractures and associated morbidity in the aged population. The pathogenesis of osteoporosis is multifactorial; whereas traditional pathophysiological concepts emphasize endocrine mechanisms, it has been recognized that also components of the immune system have a significant impact on bone. Since 2000, when the term \u2018osteoimmunology' was coined, novel insights into the role of inflammatory cytokines by influencing the fine-tuned balance between bone resorption and bone formation have helped to explain the occurrence of osteoporosis in conjunction with chronic inflammatory reactions. Moreover, the phenomenon of a low-grade, chronic, systemic inflammatory state associated with aging has been defined as \u2018inflamm-aging' by Claudio Franceschi and has been linked to age-related diseases such as osteoporosis. Given the tight anatomical and physiological coexistence of B cells and the bone-forming units in the bone marrow, a role of B cells in osteoimmunological interactions has long been suspected. Recent findings of B cells as active regulators of the RANK\/RANKL\/OPG axis, of altered RANKL\/OPG production by B cells in HIV-associated bone loss or of a modulated expression of genes linked to B-cell biology in response to estrogen deficiency support this assumption. Furthermore, oxidative stress and the generation of advanced glycation end products have emerged as links between inflammation and bone destruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000431091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,16]],"date-time":"2015-06-16T17:01:17Z","timestamp":1434474077000},"page":"128-137","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":258,"title":["Immunology of Osteoporosis: A 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